Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
School of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.
PLoS One. 2021 Jan 29;16(1):e0246085. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246085. eCollection 2021.
High blood pressure is an important public health concern and the leading risk factor for global mortality and morbidity. To assess the implications of this condition, we aimed to review the existing literature and study the factors that are significantly associated with hypertension in the Pakistani population.
We conducted several electronic searches in PubMed, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, Elsevier, and manually searched the citations of published articles on hypertension from May 2019 to August 2019. We included all studies that examined factors associated with hypertension regardless of the study design. To assess the quality of the research, we used the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. We also conducted meta-analyses using the DerSimonian & Laird random-effects model to collate results from at least three studies.
We included 30 cross-sectional and 7 case-control studies (99,391 participants country-wide) in this review and found 13 (35.1%) to be high-quality studies. We identified 5 socio-demographic, 3 lifestyle, 3 health-related, and 4 psychological variables that were significantly associated with hypertension. Adults aged between 30-60 years who were married, living in urban areas with high incomes, used tobacco, had a family history of hypertension, and had comorbidities (overweight, obesity, diabetes, anxiety, stress, and anger management issues) were positively associated with hypertension. On the other hand, individuals having high education levels, normal physical activity, and unrestricted salt in their diet were negatively associated with hypertension.
We found several socio-demographic, lifestyle, health-related, and psychological factors that were significantly (positively and negatively) associated with hypertension. Our findings may help physicians and public health workers to identify high-risk groups and recommend appropriate prevention strategies. Further research is warranted to investigate these factors rigorously and collate global evidence on the same.
高血压是一个重要的公共卫生问题，也是导致全球死亡率和发病率的主要危险因素。为了评估这种情况的影响，我们旨在回顾现有文献，并研究与巴基斯坦人口高血压显著相关的因素。
我们在 PubMed、ISI Web of Science、PsycINFO、EMBASE、Scopus、Elsevier 进行了多次电子搜索，并手动搜索了 2019 年 5 月至 8 月发表的高血压相关文章的参考文献。我们纳入了所有研究高血压相关因素的研究，无论研究设计如何。为了评估研究质量，我们使用了纽卡斯尔-渥太华质量评估量表。我们还使用 DerSimonian & Laird 随机效应模型进行了荟萃分析，以汇集至少三项研究的结果。
我们在本综述中纳入了 30 项横断面研究和 7 项病例对照研究（全国范围内 99391 名参与者），其中 13 项（35.1%）为高质量研究。我们确定了 5 个社会人口统计学、3 个生活方式、3 个与健康相关和 4 个心理变量与高血压显著相关。年龄在 30-60 岁之间、已婚、居住在城市地区收入较高、使用烟草、有高血压家族史和合并症（超重、肥胖、糖尿病、焦虑、压力和愤怒管理问题）的成年人与高血压呈正相关。另一方面，具有较高教育水平、正常体力活动和饮食中盐不受限制的个体与高血压呈负相关。
我们发现了一些社会人口统计学、生活方式、与健康相关和心理因素与高血压显著相关（正面和负面）。我们的研究结果可能有助于医生和公共卫生工作者识别高危人群，并建议采取适当的预防策略。需要进一步研究以严格调查这些因素，并汇集全球相关证据。
