Sabanovic Berina, Piva Francesco, Cecati Monia, Giulietti Matteo
Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
Biology (Basel). 2021 Jan 27;10(2):94. doi: 10.3390/biology10020094.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from almost all human cells and mediate intercellular communication by transferring heterogeneous molecules (i.e., DNA, RNAs, proteins, and lipids). In this way, EVs participate in various biological processes, including immune responses. Viruses can hijack EV biogenesis systems for their dissemination, while EVs from infected cells can transfer viral proteins to uninfected cells and to immune cells in order to mask the infection or to trigger a response. Several studies have highlighted the role of native or engineered EVs in the induction of B cell and CD8(+) T cell reactions against viral proteins, strongly suggesting these antigen-presenting EVs as a novel strategy for vaccine design, including the emerging COVID-19. EV-based vaccines overcome some limitations of conventional vaccines and introduce novel unique characteristics useful in vaccine design, including higher bio-safety and efficiency as antigen-presenting systems and as adjuvants. Here, we review the state-of-the-art for antiviral EV-based vaccines, including the ongoing projects of some biotech companies in the development of EV-based vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we discuss the limits for further development of this promising class of therapeutic agents.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）几乎由所有人类细胞分泌，并通过传递异质分子（即DNA、RNA、蛋白质和脂质）介导细胞间通讯。通过这种方式，EVs参与各种生物过程，包括免疫反应。病毒可以劫持EV生物发生系统进行传播，而来自受感染细胞的EVs可以将病毒蛋白转移到未受感染的细胞和免疫细胞，以掩盖感染或引发反应。几项研究强调了天然或工程化EVs在诱导B细胞和CD8(+) T细胞针对病毒蛋白的反应中的作用，强烈表明这些抗原呈递EVs是疫苗设计的一种新策略，包括新兴的COVID-19。基于EV的疫苗克服了传统疫苗的一些局限性，并引入了在疫苗设计中有用的新颖独特特性，包括作为抗原呈递系统和佐剂具有更高的生物安全性和效率。在这里，我们综述了基于抗病毒EV的疫苗的最新进展，包括一些生物技术公司在开发针对SARS-CoV-2的基于EV的疫苗方面正在进行的项目。最后，我们讨论了这类有前景的治疗剂进一步开发的局限性。
