Ipinmoroti Ayodeji O, Matthews Qiana L
Microbiology Program, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
Pathogens. 2020 Dec 17;9(12):1056. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9121056.
Membrane-bound vesicles that are released from cells are increasingly being studied as a medium of intercellular communication, as these act to shuttle functional proteins, such as lipids, DNA, rRNA, and miRNA, between cells during essential physiological processes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), most commonly exosomes, are consistently produced by virus-infected cells, and they play crucial roles in mediating communication between infected and uninfected cells. Notably, pathophysiological roles for EVs have been established in various viral infections, including human immune deficiency virus (HIV), coronavirus (CoV), and human adenovirus (HAdv). Retroviruses, such as HIV, modulate the production and composition of EVs, and critically, these viruses can exploit EV formation, secretion, and release pathways to promote infection, transmission, and intercellular spread. Consequently, EV production has been investigated as a potential tool for the development of improved viral infection diagnostics and therapeutics. This review will summarize our present knowledge of EV-virus relationships, focusing on their known roles in pathophysiological pathways, immunomodulatory mechanisms, and utility for biomarker discovery. This review will also discuss the potential for EVs to be exploited as diagnostic and treatment tools for viral infection.
从细胞中释放的膜结合囊泡正越来越多地被作为一种细胞间通讯介质进行研究，因为在基本生理过程中，这些囊泡在细胞间穿梭运输功能性蛋白质，如脂质、DNA、rRNA和miRNA。细胞外囊泡（EVs），最常见的是外泌体，由病毒感染的细胞持续产生，并且在介导感染细胞与未感染细胞之间的通讯中发挥关键作用。值得注意的是，EVs在包括人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、冠状病毒（CoV）和人类腺病毒（HAdv）在内的各种病毒感染中已确立了病理生理作用。逆转录病毒，如HIV，会调节EVs的产生和组成，并且关键的是，这些病毒可以利用EV的形成、分泌和释放途径来促进感染、传播和细胞间扩散。因此，EV的产生已被作为开发改进的病毒感染诊断和治疗方法的潜在工具进行研究。本综述将总结我们目前对EV-病毒关系的认识，重点关注它们在病理生理途径、免疫调节机制以及生物标志物发现方面的已知作用。本综述还将讨论将EVs用作病毒感染诊断和治疗工具的潜力。
