Campinas Margarida, Viegas Rui M C, Coelho Rosário, Lucas Helena, Rosa Maria João
Water Quality and Treatment Laboratory, Urban Water Unit, Hydraulics and Environment Department, LNEC-National Civil Engineering Laboratory, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal.
AdA-Águas do Algarve S.A., Rua do Repouso, 8000-302 Faro, Portugal.
Membranes (Basel). 2021 Jan 27;11(2):91. doi: 10.3390/membranes11020091.
Pressurized powdered activated carbon/coagulation/ceramic microfiltration (PAC/Alum/MF) was investigated at pilot scale for treating low turbidity and low natural organic matter (NOM) surface waters spiked with organic microcontaminants. A total of 11 trials with clarified or non-clarified waters spiked with pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds, or microcystins were conducted to assess the removal of microcontaminants, NOM (as 254 nm absorbance, A254, and dissolved organic carbon, DOC), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), aerobic endospores as protozoan (oo)cysts indicators, bacteriophages as viruses indicators, and regular drinking water quality parameters. PAC/(Alum)/MF achieved 75% to complete removal of total microcontaminants with 4-18 mg/L of a mesoporous PAC and 2 h contact time, with a reliable particle separation (turbidity < 0.03 NTU) and low aluminium residuals. Microcontaminants showed different amenabilities to PAC adsorption, depending on their charge, hydrophobicity (Log Kow), polar surface area and aromatic rings count. Compounds less amenable to adsorption showed higher vulnerability to NOM competition (higher A254 waters), greatly benefiting from DOC-normalized PAC dose increase. PAC/Alum/MF also attained 29-47% NOM median removal, decreasing THMFP by 26%. PAC complemented NOM removal by coagulation (+15-19%), though with no substantial improvement towards THMFP and membrane fouling. Furthermore, PAC/Alum/MF was a full barrier against aerobic endospores, and PAC dosing was crucial for ≥1.1-log reduction in bacteriophages.
对加压粉末活性炭/混凝/陶瓷微滤（PAC/明矾/MF）工艺进行了中试规模研究，以处理添加了有机微污染物的低浊度、低天然有机物（NOM）地表水。总共进行了11次试验，处理添加了农药、药物化合物或微囊藻毒素的澄清或未澄清水体，以评估微污染物、NOM（以254nm吸光度A254和溶解有机碳DOC表示）、三卤甲烷生成潜力（THMFP）、作为原生动物（卵）囊指标的需氧芽孢杆菌、作为病毒指标的噬菌体以及常规饮用水水质参数的去除情况。使用4-18mg/L的中孔PAC并经过2小时接触时间，PAC/(明矾)/MF实现了75%至完全去除总微污染物，具有可靠的颗粒分离效果（浊度<0.03 NTU）且铝残留量低。微污染物对PAC吸附的适应性不同，这取决于它们的电荷、疏水性（Log Kow）、极性表面积和芳环数量。对吸附适应性较差的化合物对NOM竞争更为敏感（A254较高的水体），DOC标准化的PAC剂量增加使其受益匪浅。PAC/明矾/MF还实现了29-47%的NOM中位去除率，使THMFP降低了26%。PAC通过混凝补充了NOM的去除（提高了15-19%），但对THMFP和膜污染没有实质性改善。此外，PAC/明矾/MF对需氧芽孢杆菌具有完全阻隔作用，PAC投加量对于噬菌体减少≥1.1对数至关重要。
