Karelitz Joshua L, Perkins Kenneth A
Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Addict Behav. 2021 Jun;117:106835. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106835. Epub 2021 Jan 15.
Smoking is believed partially reinforcing via immediate sensory perceptions. Yet, unknown is whether a cigarette's relative reinforcing efficacy can be predicted by these perceptions and whether this relationship may vary due to constituents known to alter those perceptions.
Sensory perceptions of acute smoking were examined as predictors of subsequent cigarette choice behavior. Also tested was whether nicotine content or menthol affected this relationship. Adult dependent smokers (N = 37) participated in five sessions comparing cigarettes varying in nicotine contents (NIC; 1.3, 2.3, 5.5, 11.2, and 17.4 mg/g), relative to the very lowest nicotine content, 0.4 mg/g (VLNC). Non-menthol (n = 17) and menthol (n = 20) cigarettes-matched on nicotine-were provided based on participant preference. One NIC was compared versus VLNC per session (single-blinded); NIC content order was randomized across sessions on separate days. Perceptions (e.g., "liking", "satisfying") were measured immediately after initial sampling of NIC or VLNC, followed by a validated puff-by-puff choice procedure to determine preference for each NIC versus VLNC.
NIC perceptions (difference from VLNC) and puff choices increased with nicotine. Menthol moderated associations between perceptions and nicotine; and between puff choices and nicotine. Perceptions were predictive of puff choice-greater magnitude of difference in perceptions between VLNC and NIC led to more NIC puff choices. When testing perceptions' prediction of puff choices, neither the main effect of menthol or interaction of Perceptions X Nicotine Condition were significant.
Consistent with assumed-but rarely tested-causes of smoking reinforcement, sensory perceptions from a cigarette predict its relative reinforcing efficacy.
人们认为吸烟通过即时感官感知部分产生强化作用。然而，尚不清楚香烟的相对强化效力是否可以通过这些感知来预测，以及这种关系是否会因已知会改变这些感知的成分而有所不同。
研究了急性吸烟的感官感知作为后续香烟选择行为的预测指标。还测试了尼古丁含量或薄荷醇是否会影响这种关系。成年依赖吸烟者（N = 37）参加了五个环节，比较了尼古丁含量不同（NIC；1.3、2.3、5.5、11.2和17.4毫克/克）的香烟与最低尼古丁含量0.4毫克/克（VLNC）的香烟。根据参与者的偏好提供了尼古丁匹配的非薄荷醇（n = 17）和薄荷醇（n = 20）香烟。每次环节将一种NIC与VLNC进行比较（单盲）；NIC含量顺序在不同日子的环节中随机排列。在初次吸食NIC或VLNC后立即测量感知（例如，“喜欢”、“满足”），然后通过经过验证的逐口选择程序来确定对每种NIC与VLNC的偏好。
对NIC的感知（与VLNC的差异）和逐口选择随着尼古丁含量增加。薄荷醇调节了感知与尼古丁之间以及逐口选择与尼古丁之间的关联。感知可预测逐口选择——VLNC和NIC之间感知差异越大，导致选择NIC的逐口次数越多。在测试感知对逐口选择的预测时，薄荷醇的主效应或感知×尼古丁条件的交互作用均不显著。
与假定但很少测试的吸烟强化原因一致，香烟的感官感知可预测其相对强化效力。
