Øie Merete G, Sundet Kjetil, Haug Elisabeth, Zeiner Pål, Klungsøyr Ole, Rund Bjørn R
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway.
Front Psychol. 2021 Jan 14;11:606365. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606365. eCollection 2020.
Early-Onset Schizophrenia (EOS) and Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are early- onset neurodevelopmental disorders associated with cognitive deficits. The current study represents the first attempt to compare these groups on a comprehensive cognitive test battery in a longitudinal design over 25 years in order to enhance our knowledge of particular patterns resulting from the interaction between normal maturational processes and different illness processes of these disorders. In the baseline study, 19 adolescents with schizophrenia were compared to 20 adolescents with ADHD and 30 healthy controls (HC), all between 12 and 18 years of age. After 13 years (T2) and after 25 years (T3) they were re-evaluated with the cognitive test battery. A cognitive Composite Score was used in a linear mixed model. The EOS group had a significant cognitive stagnation or deterioration from T1 to T2 compared to HC. However, the EOS group had the most positive change from T2 to T3, supporting a stable level of cognitive performance over the 25 year span. The ADHD group improved or had similar development as the HC group from T1 to T2. They continued to improve significantly compared to the HC group from T2 to T3. Individuals in the EOS group performed more impaired on the cognitive composite score compared to the HC group and the ADHD group at all three time points. Results might indicate a neurodevelopmental pathway of EOS with subnormal cognitive development specific in adolescence. In comparison, the ADHD group had a more consistent cognitive maturation supporting a maturational delay hypothesis of ADHD.
早发性精神分裂症（EOS）和注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是与认知缺陷相关的早发性神经发育障碍。本研究首次尝试在长达25年的纵向设计中，使用一套全面的认知测试组合对这些群体进行比较，以增进我们对正常成熟过程与这些障碍的不同疾病过程之间相互作用所产生的特定模式的了解。在基线研究中，将19名患有精神分裂症的青少年与20名患有ADHD的青少年以及30名健康对照者（HC）进行了比较，他们的年龄均在12至18岁之间。在13年（T2）和25年（T3）后，使用认知测试组合对他们进行重新评估。在一个线性混合模型中使用了认知综合评分。与HC相比，EOS组从T1到T2出现了显著的认知停滞或衰退。然而，EOS组从T2到T3出现了最积极的变化，这支持了在25年期间认知表现的稳定水平。ADHD组从T1到T2有所改善或与HC组有相似的发展。从T2到T3，他们与HC组相比继续有显著改善。在所有三个时间点上，EOS组个体在认知综合评分上的表现都比HC组和ADHD组更差。结果可能表明EOS存在一种神经发育途径，其在青春期具有特定的认知发育异常。相比之下，ADHD组的认知成熟更为一致，这支持了ADHD的成熟延迟假说。
