Victor Courtney P, Ellis Karen, Lamar Frederica, Leon Juan S
Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Int J Microbiol. 2021 Jan 4;2021:6631920. doi: 10.1155/2021/6631920. eCollection 2021.
Fresh-produce consumers may be at risk of pathogen infection due to fecal contamination of the agricultural environment. Indicators of fecal contamination may be used as a proxy to evaluate the potential presence of human pathogens, such as norovirus and hepatitis A, on agricultural samples. The objective of this systematic review was to determine whether the presence of human norovirus or hepatitis A was associated with microbial indicators in agricultural samples including fresh produce, equipment surfaces, and hands. Four databases (Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Agricola) were systematically searched and fifteen articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria. After data extraction, individual indicator-pathogen relationships were assessed using Cohen's Kappa coefficient. The level of agreement between norovirus with adenovirus was 0.09 ( = 16, 95% CI -0.05, 0.23), indicating poor agreement using Landis and Koch's criterion. Similarly, the Kappa coefficient between norovirus with ( = 0.04, = 14, 95% CI -0.05, 0.49) or total coliforms ( = 0.03, = 4, 95% CI -0.01, 0.02) was also poor. The level of agreement between hepatitis A with adenovirus ( = -0.03, = 3, 95% CI -0.06, 0.01) or fecal coliforms ( = 0, = 1, 95% CI 0, 0) was also poor. There were moderate relationships between hepatitis A with ( = 0.49, = 3, 95% CI 0.28, 0.70) and total coliforms ( = 0.47, = 2, 95% CI 0.47, 0.47). Based on these limited results, common indicator organisms are not strong predictors of the presence of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in the agricultural environment.
由于农业环境受到粪便污染，新鲜农产品消费者可能面临病原体感染风险。粪便污染指标可作为评估农业样本（如新鲜农产品、设备表面和手部）上人类病原体（如诺如病毒和甲型肝炎病毒）潜在存在情况的替代指标。本系统评价的目的是确定人类诺如病毒或甲型肝炎病毒的存在是否与包括新鲜农产品、设备表面和手部在内的农业样本中的微生物指标相关。系统检索了四个数据库（Embase、PubMed、Web of Science和Agricola），15篇文章符合纳入和排除标准。数据提取后，使用科恩卡方系数评估个体指标与病原体之间的关系。诺如病毒与腺病毒之间的一致性水平为0.09（n = 16，95%CI -0.05，0.23），根据兰迪斯和科赫的标准，表明一致性较差。同样，诺如病毒与[此处原文缺失具体指标]（κ = 0.04，n = 14，95%CI -0.05，0.49）或总大肠菌群（κ = 0.03，n = 4，95%CI -0.01，0.02）之间的卡方系数也较差。甲型肝炎病毒与腺病毒（κ = -0.03，n = 3，95%CI -0.06，0.01）或粪大肠菌群（κ = 0，n = 1，95%CI 0，0）之间的一致性水平也较差。甲型肝炎病毒与[此处原文缺失具体指标]（κ = 0.49，n = 3，95%CI 0.28，0.70）和总大肠菌群（κ = 0.47，n = 2，95%CI 0.47，0.47）之间存在中等程度的关系。基于这些有限的结果，常见指示生物并非农业环境中诺如病毒和甲型肝炎病毒存在的有力预测指标。
