Elizabeth Alter S, Tariq Laraib, Creed James Keanu, Megafu Emmanuel
Department of Biology & Chemistry California State University, Monterey Bay Chapman Academic Science Center Seaside CA USA.
Department of Biology York College City University of New York Jamaica NY USA.
Evol Appl. 2020 Jul 15;14(1):210-232. doi: 10.1111/eva.13048. eCollection 2021 Jan.
Many of the world's major cities are located in coastal zones, resulting in urban and industrial impacts on adjacent marine ecosystems. These pressures, which include pollutants, sewage, runoff and debris, temperature increases, hardened shorelines/structures, and light and acoustic pollution, have resulted in new evolutionary landscapes for coastal marine organisms. Marine environmental changes influenced by urbanization may create new selective regimes or may influence neutral evolution via impacts on gene flow or partitioning of genetic diversity across seascapes. While some urban selective pressures, such as hardened surfaces, are similar to those experienced by terrestrial species, others, such as oxidative stress, are specific to aquatic environments. Moreover, spatial and temporal scales of evolutionary responses may differ in the ocean due to the spatial extent of selective pressures and greater capacity for dispersal/gene flow. Here, we present a conceptual framework and synthesis of current research on evolutionary responses of marine organisms to urban pressures. We review urban impacts on genetic diversity and gene flow and examine evidence that marine species are adapting, or are predicted to adapt, to urbanization over rapid evolutionary time frames. Our findings indicate that in the majority of studies, urban stressors are correlated with reduced genetic diversity. Genetic structure is often increased in urbanized settings, but artificial structures can also act as stepping stones for some hard-surface specialists, promoting range expansion. Most evidence for rapid adaptation to urban stressors comes from studies of heritable tolerance to pollutants in a relatively small number of species; however, the majority of marine ecotoxicology studies do not test directly for heritability. Finally, we highlight current gaps in our understanding of evolutionary processes in marine urban environments and present a framework for future research to address these gaps.
世界上许多主要城市都位于沿海地区，导致城市和工业活动对相邻的海洋生态系统产生影响。这些压力包括污染物、污水、径流和垃圾、温度升高、海岸线/结构硬化以及光和声污染，为沿海海洋生物创造了新的进化景观。城市化影响下的海洋环境变化可能会产生新的选择机制，或者通过对基因流动或跨海域遗传多样性分配的影响来影响中性进化。虽然一些城市选择压力，如硬化表面，与陆地物种所经历的压力相似，但其他压力，如氧化应激，则是水生环境所特有的。此外，由于选择压力的空间范围以及更大的扩散/基因流动能力，海洋中进化反应的时空尺度可能会有所不同。在这里，我们提出了一个概念框架，并综合了当前关于海洋生物对城市压力进化反应的研究。我们回顾了城市对遗传多样性和基因流动的影响，并研究了海洋物种在快速进化时间框架内正在适应或预计将适应城市化的证据。我们的研究结果表明，在大多数研究中，城市压力源与遗传多样性降低相关。在城市化环境中，遗传结构往往会增加，但人工结构也可以作为一些硬表面专家的踏脚石，促进其范围扩张。对城市压力源快速适应的大多数证据来自对相对少数物种对污染物的遗传耐受性的研究；然而，大多数海洋生态毒理学研究并未直接测试遗传性。最后，我们强调了目前我们对海洋城市环境中进化过程理解的差距，并提出了一个未来研究框架来填补这些差距。
