Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Toxins (Basel). 2021 Jan 28;13(2):98. doi: 10.3390/toxins13020098.
is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease.
是一种普遍存在的土壤细菌，可引起两种与食物相关的胃肠道疾病。其中，呕吐型食物中毒表现为恶心和呕吐，而由肠致病性菌株引起的食物感染则导致腹泻和腹痛。致病毒素分别为环十二肽呕吐毒素（cereulide）和蛋白性肠毒素溶血素 BL（Hbl）、非溶血肠毒素（Nhe）和细胞毒素 K（CytK）。本文综述了毒素基因的分布和遗传组织、肠毒素基因调控和毒素分泌的机制等方面的最新研究进展。特别强调了单个菌株之间产毒的高度可变性。此外，还详细描述了成孔肠毒素的作用机制及其对靶细胞的影响。本文的重点是 Hbl 和 Nhe 这两种三分体肠毒素复合物，但也介绍了 cereulide 和 CytK 的最新发现，以及毒素检测方法，以及其他潜在毒力因子对腹泻病的贡献。
