Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Cell Biol Int. 2021 Jun;45(6):1124-1147. doi: 10.1002/cbin.11565. Epub 2021 Feb 19.
With each infectious pandemic or outbreak, the medical community feels the need to revisit basic concepts of immunology to understand and overcome the difficult times brought about by these infections. Regarding viruses, they have historically been responsible for many deaths, and such a peculiarity occurs because they are known to be obligate intracellular parasites that depend upon the host's cell machinery for their replication. Successful infection with the production of essential viral components requires constant viral evolution as a strategy to manipulate the cellular environment, including host internal factors, the host's nonspecific and adaptive immune responses to viruses, the metabolic and energetic state of the infected cell, and changes in the intracellular redox environment during the viral infection cycle. Based on this knowledge, it is fundamental to develop new therapeutic strategies for controlling viral dissemination, by means of antiviral therapies, vaccines, or antioxidants, or by targeting the inhibition or activation of cell signaling pathways or metabolic pathways that are altered during infection. The rapid recovery of altered cellular homeostasis during viral infection is still a major challenge. Here, we review the strategies by which viruses evade the host's immune response and potential tools used to develop more specific antiviral therapies to cure, control, or prevent viral diseases.
每次传染病大流行或爆发时，医学界都感到有必要重新审视免疫学的基本概念，以了解和克服这些感染带来的困难时期。关于病毒，它们历来是许多死亡的罪魁祸首，之所以会出现这种特殊性，是因为众所周知，病毒是专性细胞内寄生虫，它们的复制依赖于宿主细胞的机制。成功感染并产生必要的病毒成分需要不断进化病毒，作为一种操纵细胞环境的策略，包括宿主内部因素、宿主对病毒的非特异性和适应性免疫反应、感染细胞的代谢和能量状态以及病毒感染周期中细胞内氧化还原环境的变化。基于这一知识，通过抗病毒疗法、疫苗或抗氧化剂，或通过靶向抑制或激活感染过程中改变的细胞信号通路或代谢通路，开发控制病毒传播的新治疗策略至关重要。病毒感染期间迅速恢复改变的细胞动态平衡仍然是一个主要挑战。在这里，我们回顾了病毒逃避宿主免疫反应的策略以及用于开发更具特异性的抗病毒疗法以治愈、控制或预防病毒疾病的潜在工具。
