Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Trends Microbiol. 2013 Aug;21(8):421-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.06.006. Epub 2013 Jul 11.
Early innate and cell-intrinsic responses are essential to protect host cells against pathogens. In turn, viruses have developed sophisticated mechanisms to establish productive infections by counteracting host innate immune responses. Increasing evidence indicates that these antiviral factors may have a dual role by directly inhibiting viral replication as well as by sensing and transmitting signals to induce antiviral cytokines. Recent studies have pointed at new, unappreciated mechanisms of viral evasion of host innate protective responses including manipulating the host ubiquitin (Ub) system. Virus-mediated inhibition of antiviral factors by Ub-dependent degradation is emerging as a crucial mechanism for evading the antiviral response. In addition, recent studies have uncovered new mechanisms by which virus-encoded proteins inhibit Ub and Ub-like (Ubl) modification of host proteins involved in innate immune signaling pathways. Here we discuss recent findings and novel strategies that viruses have developed to counteract these early innate antiviral defenses.
早期先天和细胞内固有反应对于保护宿主细胞免受病原体侵害至关重要。反过来，病毒通过对抗宿主先天免疫反应，已经发展出了复杂的机制来建立有效的感染。越来越多的证据表明，这些抗病毒因子可能具有双重作用，不仅可以直接抑制病毒复制，还可以通过感应和传递信号来诱导抗病毒细胞因子。最近的研究指出了病毒逃避宿主先天保护反应的新的、未被认识的机制，包括操纵宿主泛素（Ub）系统。病毒介导的通过 Ub 依赖性降解抑制抗病毒因子的作用，正成为逃避抗病毒反应的关键机制。此外，最近的研究还揭示了病毒编码蛋白抑制 Ub 和 Ub 样（Ubl）修饰参与先天免疫信号通路的宿主蛋白的新机制。在这里，我们讨论了病毒为对抗这些早期先天抗病毒防御而开发的最新发现和新策略。
