Moyano-Díaz Emilio, Mendoza-Llanos Rodolfo
Faculty of Psychology, University of Talca, Talca, Chile.
Department of Social Science, School of Psychology, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile.
Front Psychol. 2021 Jan 18;11:608482. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608482. eCollection 2020.
The world's elderly population is growing, and in Chile they represent 16.2% of the total population. In Chile, old age is marked by retirement, with a dramatic decrease in income that brings precariousness. Older adults are economically, socially, and psychologically vulnerable populations. This condition increases their likelihood of disengaging from their usual social environment, facilitating their isolation, sadness, and discomfort. From the perspective of social identity, well-being (WB) can be explained by two principles: social groups' importance for health and people's psychological identification with those groups. This study analyzes the relationships between belonging to the neighborhood and extra-neighborhood groups and neighborhood social identification with WB. Urban or rural location and gender are measured, and the sample is 1,475 older Chilean adults of both sexes. The results show that the majority are not members of social groups (52%), and the remaining 48% are members of one or two groups or organizations (42.65%). Only 4.47% belong to three groups or organizations. Those who belong to groups obtain higher scores, emotional-mental WB, and positive emotions than older adults who do not belong to any organization. Urban and rural older adults have the same level of WB. Membership in close social organizations (neighborhood councils) or distant ones (clubs for the elderly and religious groups) causes different WB associations. Membership in neighborhood councils reduces gender differences in self-assessment of health. This result supports the idea that participation in heterogeneous groups with a shared sense of belonging to the neighborhood is associated with higher WB and lower perceived loneliness. Social identification with the neighborhood, rather than belonging to the group, had the most widespread impact on WB and health indicators. The variable social identification with the neighborhood was consistently associated with indicators of hedonic WB.
世界老年人口正在增长，在智利，老年人占总人口的16.2%。在智利，老年以退休为标志，收入急剧下降带来了不稳定。老年人是经济、社会和心理上的弱势群体。这种状况增加了他们脱离其通常社会环境的可能性，促使他们感到孤立、悲伤和不适。从社会认同的角度来看，幸福感（WB）可以用两个原则来解释：社会群体对健康的重要性以及人们对这些群体的心理认同。本研究分析了属于邻里和邻里外群体与邻里社会认同与幸福感之间的关系。测量了城市或农村地点以及性别，样本是1475名智利老年男女。结果表明，大多数人不是社会群体的成员（52%），其余48%是一个或两个群体或组织的成员（42.65%）。只有4.47%属于三个群体或组织。属于群体的人比不属于任何组织的老年人获得更高的分数、情绪心理幸福感和积极情绪。城市和农村老年人的幸福感水平相同。加入紧密的社会组织（邻里委员会）或遥远的组织（老年俱乐部和宗教团体）会导致不同的幸福感关联。加入邻里委员会会减少健康自我评估中的性别差异。这一结果支持了这样一种观点，即参与具有邻里归属感的异质群体与更高的幸福感和更低的孤独感相关。对邻里的社会认同，而非属于某个群体，对幸福感和健康指标的影响最为广泛。与邻里的社会认同变量始终与享乐主义幸福感指标相关。
