Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States of America.
Department of Surgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States of America.
Biomed Mater. 2021 Mar 5;16(3). doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/abe35a.
The past decades have witnessed an exponential growth in research of cancer nanomedicine, which has evolved into an interdisciplinary field involving chemistry, physics, biology, and pharmacology, pathophysiology, immunology and clinical science in cancer research and treatment. The application of nanoparticles in drug delivery increases the solubility and decreases the toxicity of free drug molecules. The unique feature of cancer pathophysiology, e.g. leaky blood vessel, presents a unique opportunity for nanocarriers to deliver therapeutics selectively to tumor sites based on size selectivity. However, the clinical translation of nanomedicine is mostly limited to the classical liposomal formulations and PEGylation of therapeutics. Numbers of reasons hinder the clinical translation of the novel nanoparticles developed in the last decades for drug delivery. Comprehensive understanding of the properties of nanocarriers and their interactions with the physiological and pathological interfaces is critical to design effective nanoformulations. In addition, understanding the general principles and concerns in pharmaceutical industries and clinical practice for nanotherapeutic development is essential to develop a translatable nanoformulations via rational nanocarrier designs. In this account, we will review the relationship between the physiochemical properties of nanocarriers and biodistribution, and interactions with biological and immunological systems for effective drug delivery and cancer treatments. Further, we review the strategies for rational design of nanocarriers via structure-based approach and bio-mimicking systems to facilitate the clinical translation in enhancing cancer treatment via both chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
过去几十年见证了癌症纳米医学研究的飞速发展，该领域已经发展成为一个涉及化学、物理、生物和药理学、病理生理学、免疫学以及癌症研究和治疗临床科学的交叉学科。纳米颗粒在药物传递中的应用提高了游离药物分子的溶解度并降低了其毒性。癌症病理生理学的独特特征，例如血管渗漏，为纳米载体提供了一个独特的机会，可以根据尺寸选择性将治疗剂选择性递送到肿瘤部位。然而，纳米医学的临床转化主要局限于经典的脂质体制剂和治疗药物的聚乙二醇化。有许多原因阻碍了过去几十年开发的用于药物传递的新型纳米颗粒的临床转化。全面了解纳米载体的特性及其与生理和病理界面的相互作用，对于设计有效的纳米制剂至关重要。此外，了解制药行业和临床实践中纳米治疗开发的一般原则和关注点，对于通过合理的纳米载体设计开发可转化的纳米制剂至关重要。在本述评中，我们将回顾纳米载体的物理化学性质与生物分布之间的关系，以及它们与生物和免疫系统的相互作用，以实现有效的药物传递和癌症治疗。此外，我们还回顾了通过基于结构的方法和仿生系统合理设计纳米载体的策略，以促进通过化疗和免疫治疗增强癌症治疗的临床转化。
