Department of Analytical Chemistry, University Institute of Nanochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Córdoba, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090, GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Chemosphere. 2021 Jul;274:129770. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129770. Epub 2021 Jan 26.
In the past decades, the intensity and duration of cyanobacterial blooms are increasing due to anthropogenic factors. These phenomena worry drinking water companies and water managers because cyanobacteria produce a diverse range of cyanotoxins, which can cause liver, digestive and neurological diseases. The main exposure routes for humans are the consumption of drinking water that has not been effectively treated and the recreational use of polluted waters. For risk assessment and to conduct studies on large-scale occurrence, the development of reliable but simple, sensitive and cost-effective analytical approaches able to cover a wide range of cyanotoxins is essential. Additionally, the determination of intracellular and extracellular toxins separately is advantageous for risk management. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a method for the multi-class determination of cyanotoxins in fresh water, which is able to separately report intra- and extracellular toxins, meet the criteria of simplicity (not requiring multiple sample preparation procedures or time-consuming steps) and it is based on highly specific high resolution mass spectrometry (potential for wide screening and retrospective analysis). Matrix effects, trueness and precision met general validation criteria for a group of nine cyanotoxins, including anatoxins, cylindrospermopsin and microcystins. Considering a 50 mL sample, the method quantification limits were within the range of 8-45 ng L and 25-129 ng L for intra- and extracellular cyanotoxins, respectively. Anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin and some microcystins were found in three out of four Dutch lakes included in the study, at concentrations up to 52 μg L.
在过去几十年中，由于人为因素，蓝藻水华的强度和持续时间都在增加。这些现象令饮用水公司和水管理部门感到担忧，因为蓝藻会产生多种不同的蓝藻毒素，这些毒素可能会导致肝脏、消化系统和神经系统疾病。人类的主要暴露途径是饮用未经有效处理的饮用水以及在受污染的水域中进行娱乐活动。为了进行风险评估和大规模发生情况的研究，开发可靠但简单、灵敏且具有成本效益的分析方法来覆盖广泛的蓝藻毒素至关重要。此外，分别测定细胞内毒素和细胞外毒素有利于风险管理。据我们所知，这是首次开发出一种能够同时测定淡水多类蓝藻毒素的方法，该方法能够分别报告细胞内毒素和细胞外毒素，符合简单性标准（不需要进行多次样品制备程序或耗时的步骤），并且基于高特异性的高分辨率质谱法（具有广泛筛选和回溯性分析的潜力）。针对包括anatoxins、cylindrospermopsin 和 microcystins 在内的九种蓝藻毒素的方法，基质效应、准确度和精密度均符合一般验证标准。考虑到 50 毫升样品，该方法的定量限分别为 8-45ng/L 和 25-129ng/L，用于细胞内和细胞外蓝藻毒素。在研究中包括的四个荷兰湖泊中的三个湖泊中，发现了anatoxin-a、cylindrospermopsin 和一些 microcystins，浓度高达 52μg/L。
