López-Torres Isabel, León-Quismondo Leticia, Ibáñez Angela
Foundation for Biomedical Research, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (FIBioHRC), Madrid, Spain.
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
Front Psychiatry. 2021 Jan 20;11:618148. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.618148. eCollection 2020.
Gambling disorder (GD) is a recurrent and persistent problematic gambling behavior that impairs multiple areas of an individual's life. GD can persist through two modes: online or offline. This study aims to compare sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics between treatment-seeking online and offline gamblers and analyze the effect of the gambling mode (online or offline) on anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and debts. Seventy-nine treatment-seeking gamblers (96.2% males), who were simultaneously receiving treatment at a specialized Pathological Gambling and Behavioral Addictions Unit, participated in this study. The sample was divided into two subsamples: online ( = 29, 100% males) and offline ( = 50, 94% males); the characteristics of these two groups were compared and analyzed using Chi-Square test (χ), -Test or Mann-Whitney -test ( < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the effects of gambling mode on significant variables (lack of premeditation and debts). The online sample with a mean age of 29.4 years mainly chose to engage in sports betting (45%, < 0.05) and showed a higher lack of premeditation levels (25.8 points, < 0.05) than the offline sample. In addition, the online sample was younger with respect to their onset to gambling (20.2 years, < 0.05) and the beginning of their gambling problems (25 years, < 0.05) compared to the offline sample. Online gambling increased the levels of lack of premeditation by an average of 5.43 points compared to offline gambling ( < 0.05). Accumulated debts of the online sample were lower (€11,000) than those of the offline sample (€12,000). However, the interaction between age and gambling mode revealed that online gamblers increased their debt amounts with age at an average increase of €2,726.33 per year compared to offline gamblers ( < 0.05). No significant influence of gambling mode was found on GD severity, anxiety, and depression levels. Gambling mode has a significant relationship with lack of premeditation-a component of impulsivity-and accumulation of debts in treatment-seeking people with GD; however, no relationship was found with the rest of the variables analyzed. Future research with larger samples is needed to confirm these findings.
赌博障碍(GD)是一种反复出现且持续存在的问题赌博行为,会损害个人生活的多个方面。GD可以通过两种方式持续存在:在线或离线。本研究旨在比较寻求治疗的在线和离线赌徒的社会人口统计学、临床和心理特征,并分析赌博模式(在线或离线)对焦虑、抑郁、冲动性和债务的影响。79名寻求治疗的赌徒(96.2%为男性)参与了本研究,他们同时在一个专门的病理性赌博和行为成瘾科接受治疗。样本被分为两个子样本:在线(n = 29,100%为男性)和离线(n = 50,94%为男性);使用卡方检验(χ²)、t检验或曼-惠特尼U检验(p < 0.05)对这两组的特征进行比较和分析。进行多元线性回归分析以确定赌博模式对显著变量(缺乏预谋和债务)的影响。在线样本的平均年龄为29.4岁,主要选择进行体育博彩(45%,p < 0.05),并且与离线样本相比,表现出更高的缺乏预谋水平(25.8分,p < 0.05)。此外,与离线样本相比,在线样本开始赌博的年龄(20.2岁,p < 0.05)和出现赌博问题的起始年龄(25岁,p < 0.05)更小。与离线赌博相比,在线赌博使缺乏预谋水平平均增加5.43分(p < 0.05)。在线样本的累计债务(11,000欧元)低于离线样本(12,000欧元)。然而,年龄与赌博模式之间的交互作用表明,与离线赌徒相比,在线赌徒的债务金额随年龄增长平均每年增加2,726.33欧元(p < 0.05)。未发现赌博模式对GD严重程度、焦虑和抑郁水平有显著影响。赌博模式与寻求治疗的GD患者的缺乏预谋(冲动性的一个组成部分)和债务积累有显著关系;然而,未发现与所分析的其他变量有关系。需要进行更大样本的未来研究来证实这些发现。