Rahman Ishrat, Athar Md Tanwir, Islam Mozaffarul
Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Front Oncol. 2021 Jan 20;10:600824. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.600824. eCollection 2020.
Diabetes and cancer are among the most frequent and complex diseases. Epidemiological evidence showed that the patients suffering from diabetes are significantly at higher risk for a number of cancer types. There are a number of evidence that support the hypothesis that these diseases are interlinked, and obesity may aggravate the risk(s) of type 2 diabetes and cancer. Multi-level unwanted alterations such as (epi-)genetic alterations, changes at the transcriptional level, and altered signaling pathways (receptor, cytoplasmic, and nuclear level) are the major source which promotes a number of complex diseases and such heterogeneous level of complexities are considered as the major barrier in the development of therapeutic agents. With so many known challenges, it is critical to understand the relationships and the commonly shared causes between type 2 diabetes and cancer, which is difficult to unravel and understand. Furthermore, the real complexity arises from contended corroborations that specific drug(s) (individually or in combination) during the treatment of type 2 diabetes may increase or decrease the cancer risk or affect cancer prognosis. In this review article, we have presented the recent and most updated evidence from the studies where the origin, biological background, the correlation between them have been presented or proved. Furthermore, we have summarized the methodological challenges and tasks that are frequently encountered. We have also outlined the physiological links between type 2 diabetes and cancers. Finally, we have presented and summarized the outline of the hallmarks for both these diseases, diabetes and cancer.
糖尿病和癌症是最常见且复杂的疾病之一。流行病学证据表明，糖尿病患者患多种癌症的风险显著更高。有许多证据支持这两种疾病相互关联的假说，而且肥胖可能会增加2型糖尿病和癌症的风险。诸如（表观）遗传改变、转录水平变化以及信号通路改变（受体、细胞质和核水平）等多层次的不良改变是引发多种复杂疾病的主要原因，而这种复杂程度的异质性被认为是治疗药物研发的主要障碍。面对如此众多已知的挑战，了解2型糖尿病和癌症之间的关系以及共同的病因至关重要，但这很难理清和理解。此外，真正的复杂性源于相互矛盾的确证，即2型糖尿病治疗期间特定药物（单独或联合使用）可能会增加或降低癌症风险或影响癌症预后。在这篇综述文章中，我们展示了近期研究中最新的证据，这些研究阐述或证明了它们的起源、生物学背景以及它们之间的相关性。此外，我们总结了经常遇到的方法学挑战和任务。我们还概述了2型糖尿病和癌症之间的生理联系。最后，我们展示并总结了这两种疾病（糖尿病和癌症）的特征概述。
