Pastor-Fernández Iván, Collantes-Fernández Esther, Jiménez-Pelayo Laura, Ortega-Mora Luis Miguel, Horcajo Pilar
Animal Health and Zoonoses (SALUVET) Group, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Jan 21;7:634458. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.634458. eCollection 2020.
and are one of the main concerns of the livestock sector as they cause important economic losses in ruminants due to the reproductive failure. It is well-known that the interaction of these parasites with the placenta determines the course of infection, leading to fetal death or parasite transmission to the offspring. However, to advance the development of effective vaccines and treatments, there are still important gaps on knowledge on the placental host-parasite interactions that need to be addressed. Ruminant animal models are still an indispensable tool for providing a global view of the pathogenesis, lesions, and immune responses, but their utilization embraces important economic and ethics restrictions. Alternative systems based on caruncular and trophoblast cells, the key cellular components of placentomes, have emerged in the last years, but their use can only offer a partial view of the processes triggered after infection as they cannot mimic the complex placental architecture and neglect the activity of resident immune cells. These drawbacks could be solved using placental explants, broadly employed in human medicine, and able to preserve its cellular architecture and function. Despite the availability of such materials is constrained by their short shelf-life, the development of adequate cryopreservation protocols could expand their use for research purposes. Herein, we review and discuss existing (and potential) , and ruminant placental models that have proven useful to unravel the pathogenic mechanisms and the host immune responses responsible for fetal death (or protection) caused by neosporosis and toxoplasmosis.
由于繁殖失败会给反刍动物造成重大经济损失，[寄生虫名称1]和[寄生虫名称2]是畜牧业的主要关注点之一。众所周知，这些寄生虫与胎盘的相互作用决定了感染的进程，导致胎儿死亡或寄生虫传播给后代。然而，为了推进有效疫苗和治疗方法的开发，在胎盘宿主 - 寄生虫相互作用的知识方面仍存在重要差距需要解决。反刍动物模型仍然是提供发病机制、病变和免疫反应全局视图的不可或缺的工具，但其使用存在重要的经济和伦理限制。基于胎盘小叶和滋养层细胞（胎盘体的关键细胞成分）的替代系统在过去几年中出现，但由于它们无法模拟复杂的胎盘结构并忽略驻留免疫细胞的活性，其使用只能提供感染后触发过程的部分视图。使用在人类医学中广泛应用且能够保留其细胞结构和功能的胎盘外植体可以解决这些缺点。尽管此类材料的可用性因其保质期短而受到限制，但开发适当的冷冻保存方案可以扩大其在研究中的应用。在此，我们回顾并讨论现有的（以及潜在的）已被证明有助于揭示由新孢子虫病和弓形虫病导致胎儿死亡（或保护）的致病机制和宿主免疫反应的反刍动物胎盘模型。
