Giorgi Carlotta, Bouhamida Esmaa, Danese Alberto, Previati Maurizio, Pinton Paolo, Patergnani Simone
Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
Biomedicines. 2021 Feb 4;9(2):149. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9020149.
During the past few decades, considerable efforts have been made to discover and validate new molecular mechanisms and biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent discoveries have demonstrated how autophagy and its specialized form mitophagy are extensively associated with the development, maintenance, and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. These mechanisms play a pivotal role in the homeostasis of neural cells and are responsible for the clearance of intracellular aggregates and misfolded proteins and the turnover of organelles, in particular, mitochondria. In this review, we summarize recent advances describing the importance of autophagy and mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases, with particular attention given to multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. We also review how elements involved in autophagy and mitophagy may represent potential biomarkers for these common neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we examine the possibility that the modulation of autophagic and mitophagic mechanisms may be an innovative strategy for overcoming neurodegenerative conditions. A deeper knowledge of autophagic and mitophagic mechanisms could facilitate diagnosis and prognostication as well as accelerate the development of therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
在过去几十年里，人们付出了巨大努力来发现和验证神经退行性疾病的新分子机制和生物标志物。最近的发现表明，自噬及其特殊形式的线粒体自噬如何与几种神经退行性疾病的发生、维持和进展广泛相关。这些机制在神经细胞的稳态中起关键作用，负责清除细胞内聚集体和错误折叠的蛋白质以及细胞器（特别是线粒体）的更新。在这篇综述中，我们总结了描述自噬和线粒体自噬在神经退行性疾病中的重要性的最新进展，特别关注多发性硬化症、帕金森病和阿尔茨海默病。我们还综述了自噬和线粒体自噬相关因素如何可能代表这些常见神经退行性疾病的潜在生物标志物。最后，我们探讨了调节自噬和线粒体自噬机制可能是克服神经退行性疾病的创新策略的可能性。对自噬和线粒体自噬机制的更深入了解可以促进诊断和预后，并加速神经退行性疾病治疗策略的开发。
