School of Public Administration, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China.
School of Economics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Jun;28(23):29265-29275. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12690-7. Epub 2021 Feb 8.
This study explores the symmetric and asymmetric effects of the shadow economy on clean energy and air pollution of South Asian countries over the period 1991-2019. The short-run ARDL findings for the clean energy model suggest that shadow economy increases clean energy consumption in Pakistan and Sri Lanka, whereas this effect is negative for India and insignificant for other countries. The long-run results indicate the adverse impact only for India and the effects of tax revenue on clean energy are positively significant in Sri Lanka while negatively signiicant in Nepal and Bangladesh. Institutional quality significantly increases clean energy in Pakistan, India, and Nepal. However, in the case of Pakistan and Nepal, institutional quality deteriorated the environmental quality. The results for the pollution model confer that shadow economy increases emissions in Pakistan, decreases in Bangladesh and Nepal, and has no effect in India and Sri Lanka. The nonlinear ARDL results reveal that the positive components of the shadow economy significantly increase clean energy consumption only in Pakistan; however, the negative components of the shadow economy are negatively significant in all countries except Sri Lanka and Nepal. However, the negative component of the informal sector of the economy reduces CO2 emissions in India and increases CO2 emissions in Bangladesh and Nepal. The results offer important policy implications for achieving clean energy and better environmental quality in South Asian countries.
本研究探讨了 1991-2019 年期间南亚国家影子经济对清洁能源和空气污染的对称和非对称影响。清洁能源模型的短期 ARDL 发现表明，影子经济增加了巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡的清洁能源消费，而对印度的影响为负且对其他国家没有影响。长期结果表明，这种影响仅对印度存在，税收对清洁能源的影响在斯里兰卡为正显著，而在尼泊尔和孟加拉国为负显著。制度质量显著增加了巴基斯坦、印度和尼泊尔的清洁能源。然而，在巴基斯坦和尼泊尔的情况下，制度质量恶化了环境质量。污染模型的结果表明，影子经济增加了巴基斯坦的排放，减少了孟加拉国和尼泊尔的排放，而对印度和斯里兰卡没有影响。非线性 ARDL 结果表明，只有在巴基斯坦，影子经济的积极因素才会显著增加清洁能源消费；然而，除了斯里兰卡和尼泊尔，影子经济的消极因素在所有国家都呈负显著。然而，经济非正规部门的消极因素减少了印度的二氧化碳排放，增加了孟加拉国和尼泊尔的二氧化碳排放。研究结果为南亚国家实现清洁能源和更好的环境质量提供了重要的政策启示。
