Webb G R, Sanson-Fisher R W, Bowman J A
Faculty of Medicine, University of Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia.
Accid Anal Prev. 1988 Apr;20(2):87-94. doi: 10.1016/0001-4575(88)90023-1.
While the use of safety restraints effectively reduces the risk of death or injury in accidents, many children still travel unrestrained in motor vehicles. Compulsory seat belt legislation in Australia increased rates of adult use dramatically, but did not have the same impact with children. In order to understand why levels of children's restraint use remain low, it is necessary to investigate parental factors related to use and non-use of restraints. This study assessed the rates of safety restraint use of parents and their pre-school children, and the sociodemographic, attitudinal and belief characteristics of parents which relate to children's restraint use, using the Health Belief Model as a basis for investigation. Restraint use for adults was substantially higher than for pre-school children. Children were more likely to be restrained if their parents were wearing seat belts, were married, were of high socioeconomic status, did not smoke, engaged in certain other preventive health behaviors on their children's behalf, traveled longer distances to pre-school and provided child seats for their children. In terms of the Health Belief Model, parents of restrained and unrestrained children differed in their evaluation of the "costs" and "benefits" of using restraints for their children, and in health locus of control. Parents of unrestrained children perceived the "costs" of restraint use, in terms of nuisance value, installation difficulty and financial cost, to be high. They were also less likely to believe that they could play a significant role in preventing injury to their children. Implications of these findings for safety restraint campaigns are discussed.
虽然使用安全约束装置能有效降低事故中死亡或受伤的风险，但仍有许多儿童在乘车时未使用约束装置。澳大利亚的强制安全带立法大幅提高了成人的使用率，但对儿童的影响却不尽相同。为了理解为何儿童约束装置的使用率仍然较低，有必要调查与约束装置使用和不使用相关的父母因素。本研究以健康信念模型为调查基础，评估了父母及其学龄前儿童使用安全约束装置的比例，以及与儿童约束装置使用相关的父母的社会人口统计学、态度和信念特征。成人的约束装置使用率远高于学龄前儿童。如果父母系着安全带、已婚、社会经济地位较高、不吸烟、代表孩子采取某些其他预防性健康行为、送孩子去学前班的路途较长且为孩子提供儿童座椅，孩子就更有可能使用约束装置。就健康信念模型而言，使用和未使用约束装置的孩子的父母在对孩子使用约束装置的“成本”和“收益”的评估以及健康控制点方面存在差异。未使用约束装置的孩子的父母认为，从麻烦程度、安装难度和经济成本来看，使用约束装置的“成本”很高。他们也不太相信自己在预防孩子受伤方面能发挥重要作用。文中讨论了这些研究结果对安全约束宣传活动的启示。
