Center for Economics and Development Studies, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Hayam Wuruk 6 - 8, West Java, 40115, Bandung, Indonesia.
Center for Health Technology Assessment (CHTA), Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Bandung, Indonesia.
Int Breastfeed J. 2021 Feb 15;16(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s13006-021-00363-7.
The economic cost of not breastfeeding in Indonesia is estimated at US$1.5-9.4 billion annually, the highest in South East Asia. Half of the 33.6 million working women of reproductive age (WRA) in Indonesia (15-49 years) are informal employees, meaning they are working as casual workers or they are self-employed (small scale business) and assisted by unpaid/family worker(s). No specific maternity protection entitlements are currently available for WRA working informally in Indonesia. This study aims to estimate the financing need of providing maternity leave cash transfer (MCT) for WRA working in the informal sector in Indonesia.
The costing methodology used is the adapted version of the World Bank methodology by Vilar-Compte et al, following pre-set steps to estimate costs using national secondary data. We used the 2018 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey to estimate the number of women working informally who gave birth within the last year. The population covered, potential cash transfer's unitary cost, the incremental coverage of the policy in terms of time and coverage, and the administrative costs were used to estimate the cost of MCT for the informal sector.
At 100% coverage for 13 weeks of leave, the yearly financing need of MCT ranged from US$175million (US$152/woman) to US$669million (US$583/woman). The share of the yearly financing need did not exceed 0.5% of Indonesian Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
The yearly financing need of providing MCT for eligible WRA working in the informal sector is economically attractive as it amounts to less than 0.5% of GDP nominal of Indonesia. While such a program would be perceived as a marked increase from current public health spending at the onset, such an investment could substantially contribute to the success of breastfeeding and substantial corresponding public health savings given that more than half of working Indonesian WRA are employed in the informal sector. Such policies should be further explored while taking into consideration realistic budget constraints and implementation capacity.
印度尼西亚不进行母乳喂养的经济成本估计每年为 15 亿至 94 亿美元，在东南亚地区最高。印度尼西亚 3360 万育龄工作女性（15-49 岁）中有一半是非正式员工，这意味着她们是临时工或自营职业者（小规模企业），并由无薪/家庭工人（多个）协助。目前，印度尼西亚非正式就业的育龄工作女性没有特定的产假保护权益。本研究旨在估计为在印度尼西亚非正式部门工作的育龄工作女性提供产假现金转移（MCT）的资金需求。
使用的成本核算方法是世界银行 Vilar-Compte 等人的方法的改编版，遵循预先设定的步骤，使用国家二级数据估算成本。我们使用 2018 年印度尼西亚国家社会经济调查来估计在过去一年中生育的从事非正式工作的女性人数。使用人口覆盖范围、潜在现金转移的单位成本、政策在时间和覆盖范围方面的增量覆盖范围以及行政成本来估算非正式部门 MCT 的成本。
在 100%覆盖 13 周休假的情况下，MCT 的年度融资需求范围为 1.75 亿美元（每位女性 152 美元）至 6.69 亿美元（每位女性 583 美元）。年度融资需求占印度尼西亚国内生产总值（GDP）的比例不超过 0.5%。
为在非正式部门工作的符合条件的育龄工作女性提供 MCT 的年度融资需求在经济上是有吸引力的，因为它不到印度尼西亚名义 GDP 的 0.5%。虽然从目前的公共卫生支出来看，此类计划将被视为显著增加，但鉴于超过一半的印度尼西亚育龄工作女性在非正式部门就业，此类投资将为母乳喂养的成功和大量相应的公共卫生储蓄做出重大贡献。在考虑到现实的预算限制和实施能力的情况下，应进一步探讨此类政策。
