Bates E A, Friederici A D, Wulfeck B B, Juarez L A
Psychology Department, University of California, San Diego, LaJolla 92093.
Brain Lang. 1988 Mar;33(2):323-64. doi: 10.1016/0093-934x(88)90072-7.
Studies of language production in English-speaking aphasics (both fluent and nonfluent) generally lead to the conclusion that word order is preserved to a much greater degree than grammatical morphology and/or lexical retrieval. However, because word order is rigidly preserved even in normal English speech, this pattern might reflect nothing more than "the weak link in the chain." Using a constrained production paradigm, we provide evidence showing that canonical sentence order is well preserved in both fluent and nonfluent patients, in Italian and German (languages that permit much more pragmatic word-order variation) as well as English. Patients also retain the ability to order nouns around a preposition, and among Italian patients, access to a high-frequency form of pragmatic word-order variation is also retained. Syntactic difficulties seem to revolve not around loss of ordering principles, but (1) reduction in syntactic complexity, (2) overuse of canonical word order as a "safe harbor," (3) blend errors in which a form appears in legal but semantically incorrect position, and (4) abandonment of the effort to produce a complete sentence under stressful conditions. We offer a redefinition of syntactic impairment as a problem in the access of phrase structure types, resulting in a preference for higher frequency forms. Parallels between lexical retrieval and phrase structure retrieval suggest that similar mechanisms may be at work in both cases.
对说英语的失语症患者（包括流利型和非流利型）语言产出的研究通常得出这样的结论：词序的保留程度比语法形态和/或词汇检索要高得多。然而，由于即使在正常的英语 speech 中词序也被严格保留，这种模式可能仅仅反映了“链条中的薄弱环节”。使用一种受限产出范式，我们提供的证据表明，在意大利语和德语（允许更多语用词序变化的语言）以及英语中，流利型和非流利型患者都能很好地保留典型的句子顺序。患者还保留了围绕介词排列名词的能力，在意大利语患者中，也保留了使用高频语用词序变化形式的能力。句法困难似乎并不在于排序原则的丧失，而是（1）句法复杂性的降低，（2）过度使用典型词序作为“安全港”，（3）混合错误，即一种形式出现在合法但语义不正确的位置，以及（4）在压力条件下放弃生成完整句子的努力。我们将句法损伤重新定义为短语结构类型获取方面的问题，导致对高频形式的偏好。词汇检索和短语结构检索之间的相似性表明，两种情况下可能有类似的机制在起作用。
