Bates E, Friederici A, Wulfeck B
University of California, San Diego.
Cortex. 1987 Dec;23(4):545-74. doi: 10.1016/s0010-9452(87)80049-7.
Aspects of grammatical morphology in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia were elicited under controlled conditions in three language groups: English, Italian and German. Results suggest that the agrammatism/paragrammatism distinction does not work well for richly-inflected languages. Language-specific ratios of closed class morphology were preserved even among non-fluent patients, with significantly more morphology produced by German and Italian patients. German and Italian patients were also much more likely to furnish the article before nouns--despite or perhaps because of the fact that articles are more complex and informative in those languages. Although patients assigned the correct article most of the time, there were a significant number of article errors (i.e. paragrammatic substitution). Error analyses showed that substitutions are not random, reflecting difficulty in access rather than loss. Substitutions were more common in German, where the complex case and gender markings on the article increase the probability of error. Within each language, error patterns were quite similar for Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics. However, at a detailed level patient group differences in error production were detected. German Broca's aphasics tend to avoid difficult case forms by substituting a simpler, less-marked morphosyntactic frame. Wernicke's aphasics try instead to produce the more marked, oblique constructions, resulting in a less conservative error pattern.
在英语、意大利语和德语这三个语言组的可控条件下，研究了布罗卡失语症和韦尼克失语症中的语法形态学方面。结果表明，语法缺失/语法错乱的区分对于词形变化丰富的语言并不适用。即使在非流利型患者中，封闭类形态学的特定语言比率也得以保留，德国和意大利患者生成的形态学内容明显更多。德国和意大利患者在名词前使用冠词的可能性也更高——尽管或者可能是因为在这些语言中冠词更为复杂且信息量大。尽管患者大多时候能正确使用冠词，但仍有大量冠词错误（即语法错乱性替换）。错误分析表明，替换并非随机发生，反映的是提取困难而非缺失。替换在德语中更为常见，因为德语中冠词复杂的格和性标记增加了出错的概率。在每种语言中，布罗卡失语症患者和韦尼克失语症患者的错误模式相当相似。然而，在细节层面上，检测到了患者组在错误产生方面的差异。德国布罗卡失语症患者倾向于通过替换更简单、标记更少的形态句法框架来避免使用困难的格形式。而韦尼克失语症患者则试图生成标记更多的间接结构，从而导致一种不那么保守的错误模式。
