Endosome-escaping micelle complexes dually equipped with cell-penetrating and endosome-disrupting peptides for efficient DNA delivery into intact plants.

The delivery of DNA to plants is crucial for enhancing their ability to produce valuable compounds and adapt to climate change. Peptides can provide a versatile tool for delivering DNA to a specific target organelle in various plant species without the use of specialized equipment. However, peptide-mediated DNA delivery suffers from endosomal entrapment and subsequent vacuolar degradation of the DNA cargo, which leads to poor transfection efficiency. To overcome the lack of a reliable approach for bypassing vacuolar degradation in plants, we herein present an endosome-escaping micelle. The micelle surface is dually modified with cell-penetrating (CPP) and endosome-disrupting peptides (EDP) and the core is composed of plasmid DNA condensed with cationic peptides. Due to the functions of CPP and EDP, the dual peptide-modified micelles efficiently undergo endocytic internalization and escape from endosomes to the cytosol, thereby achieving significantly enhanced transfection of intact plants with negligible cytotoxicity. The present study offers a robust strategy for efficient intracellular DNA delivery to plants without vacuolar degradation, and can facilitate plant bioengineering for diverse biotechnological applications.