Ballesio Andrea, Vacca Mariacarolina, Bacaro Valeria, Benazzi Adriano, De Bartolo Paola, Alivernini Fabio, Lucidi Fabio, Lombardo Caterina, Baglioni Chiara
Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2022 Jun;22(6):897-905. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1892197. Epub 2021 Mar 23.
Sleep promotes health, well-being, recovery and athletic performance. As a consequence, sleep problems in athletes may have detrimental effects. Previous investigations showed that professional athletes often reported to suffer of poor sleep quality and insomnia (e.g. difficulties falling asleep and/or maintaining sleep). However, psychological variables exacerbating and maintaining insomnia in professional athletes as well as its mechanistic pathways are still largely unknown. Available literature mostly focused on effects of sport-related variables, such as evening training and stimulant consumption on athletes' sleep. Instead, the contribution of cognitive and emotional variables globally associated with insomnia in athletes in clinical models has been largely neglected. To address these limitations, this study explored the associations between emotional experience, pre-sleep arousal, pre-sleep worry and rumination and insomnia severity in a sample of 210 (25.93 ± 6.68 years) male professional soccer players. Bivariate correlations, multiple regression, and structural equation modelling with manifest variables (path analysis) were computed. Results showed that insomnia severity was associated with stimulants consumption, pre-sleep arousal, negative emotions, positive emotions, and pre-sleep worry/rumination (all < .05). Path analysis showed that relationship between stimulant consumption, emotional experience, worry/rumination and insomnia was mediated by pre-sleep arousal ( < .05). Our results suggest that preventive and interventional studies in professional soccer players would benefit from considering global cognitive-emotional variables as targets of interventions.HighlightsInsomnia was associated with greater stimulants consumption, pre-sleep arousal, negative emotions, pre-sleep worry/rumination, and lower positive emotions.Path analysis showed that pre-sleep arousal mediated the relationship between stimulant consumption, emotional experience, worry/rumination and insomnia severity.Cognitive-emotional and behavioural factors as well as sport-related variables were important predictors of insomnia in professional soccer players.
睡眠促进健康、幸福、恢复和运动表现。因此，运动员的睡眠问题可能会产生不利影响。先前的调查显示，职业运动员经常报告睡眠质量差和失眠（例如难以入睡和/或维持睡眠）。然而，加剧和维持职业运动员失眠的心理变量及其机制途径在很大程度上仍然未知。现有文献大多关注与运动相关的变量的影响，如晚间训练和兴奋剂摄入对运动员睡眠的影响。相反，在临床模型中，与运动员失眠总体相关的认知和情绪变量的作用在很大程度上被忽视了。为了解决这些局限性，本研究在210名（25.93±6.68岁）男性职业足球运动员样本中，探讨了情绪体验、睡前觉醒、睡前担忧和沉思与失眠严重程度之间的关联。计算了双变量相关性、多元回归以及带有显变量的结构方程模型（路径分析）。结果显示，失眠严重程度与兴奋剂摄入、睡前觉醒、负面情绪、正面情绪以及睡前担忧/沉思均相关（均P<0.05）。路径分析表明，兴奋剂摄入、情绪体验、担忧/沉思与失眠之间的关系是由睡前觉醒介导的（P<0.05）。我们的结果表明，职业足球运动员的预防和干预研究将受益于将整体认知-情绪变量作为干预靶点。
失眠与更多的兴奋剂摄入、睡前觉醒、负面情绪、睡前担忧/沉思以及更低的正面情绪相关。
路径分析表明，睡前觉醒介导了兴奋剂摄入、情绪体验、担忧/沉思与失眠严重程度之间的关系。
认知-情绪和行为因素以及与运动相关的变量是职业足球运动员失眠的重要预测因素。
