Torres-McGehee Toni Marie, Emerson Dawn M, Moore Erin M, Walker Stacy E, Pritchett Kelly, Smith Allison B, Lyles Taylor A, Wakefield Greg, Ohlemeyer Kacey
Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
Department of Health Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
J Athl Train. 2021 Feb 18;56(3):311-20. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-0228-20.
Research exists on energy balances (EBs) and eating disorder (ED) risks in physically active populations and occupations by settings, but the EB and ED risk in athletic trainers (ATs) have not been investigated.
To assess ATs' energy needs, including the macronutrient profile, and examine ED risk and pathogenic behavioral differences between sexes (men, women) and job statuses (part time or full time) and among settings (college or university, high school, nontraditional).
Cross-sectional study.
Free-living in job settings.
Athletic trainers (n = 46; male part-time graduate assistant ATs = 12, male full-time ATs = 11, female part-time graduate assistant ATs = 11, female full-time ATs = 12) in the southeastern United States.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Anthropometric measures (sex, age, height, weight, body composition), demographic characteristics (job status [full- or part-time AT], job setting [college/university, high school, nontraditional], years of AT experience, exercise background, alcohol use), resting metabolic rate, energy intake (EI), total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), exercise energy expenditure, EB, macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fats), the Eating Disorder Inventory-3, and the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 Symptom Checklist.
The majority of participants (84.8%, n = 39) had an ED risk, with 26.1% (n = 12) engaging in at least 1 pathogenic behavior, 50% (n = 23) in 2 pathogenic behaviors, and 10.8% (n = 5) in >2 pathogenic behaviors. Also, 82.6% of ATs (n = 38) presented in negative EB (EI < TDEE). Differences were found in resting metabolic rate for sex and job status (F1,45 = 16.48, P = .001), EI (F1,45 = 12.01, P = .001), TDEE (F1,45 = 40.36, P < .001), and exercise energy expenditure (F1,38 = 5.353, P = .026). No differences were present in EB for sex and job status (F1,45 = 1.751, P = .193); χ2 analysis revealed no significant relationship between ATs' sex and EB ({\rm{\chi }}{1,46}^2= 0.0, P = 1.00) and job status and EB ({\rm{\chi }}{1,46}^2 = 2.42, P = .120). No significant relationship existed between Daily Reference Intakes recommendations for all macronutrients and sex or job status.
These athletic trainers experienced negative EB, similar to other professionals in high-demand occupations. Regardless of sex or job status, ATs had a high ED risk and participated in unhealthy pathogenic behaviors. The physical and mental concerns associated with these findings indicate a need for interventions targeted at ATs' health behaviors.
关于身体活跃人群和不同工作环境下的能量平衡（EBs）及饮食失调（ED）风险已有相关研究，但运动训练师（ATs）的能量平衡和饮食失调风险尚未得到调查。
评估运动训练师的能量需求，包括宏量营养素分布，并研究性别（男性、女性）、工作状态（兼职或全职）以及工作环境（学院或大学、高中、非传统环境）之间的饮食失调风险和致病行为差异。
横断面研究。
在工作环境中自由生活状态下。
美国东南部的运动训练师（n = 46；男性兼职研究生助理运动训练师 = 12，男性全职运动训练师 = 11，女性兼职研究生助理运动训练师 = 11，女性全职运动训练师 = 12）。
人体测量指标（性别、年龄、身高、体重、身体成分）、人口统计学特征（工作状态[全职或兼职运动训练师]、工作环境[学院/大学、高中、非传统环境]、运动训练师工作年限、运动背景、饮酒情况）、静息代谢率、能量摄入（EI）、每日总能量消耗（TDEE）、运动能量消耗、能量平衡、宏量营养素（碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪）、饮食失调量表-3（Eating Disorder Inventory-3）以及饮食失调量表-3症状清单。
大多数参与者（84.8%，n = 39）存在饮食失调风险，其中26.1%（n = 12）至少有1种致病行为，50%（n = 23）有2种致病行为，10.8%（n = 5）有超过2种致病行为。此外，82.6%的运动训练师（n = 38）能量平衡为负（能量摄入 < 每日总能量消耗）。在静息代谢率方面，发现了性别和工作状态的差异（F1,45 = 16.48，P = .001），能量摄入（F1,45 = 12.01，P = .001），每日总能量消耗（F1,45 = 40.36，P < .001）以及运动能量消耗（F1,38 = 5.353，P = .026）存在差异。在能量平衡方面，未发现性别和工作状态的差异（F1,45 = 1.751，P = .193）；χ2分析显示运动训练师的性别与能量平衡之间无显著关系（{\rm{\chi }}{1,46}^2 = 0.0，P = 1.00），工作状态与能量平衡之间也无显著关系（{\rm{\chi }}{1,46}^2 = 2.42，P = .120）。所有宏量营养素的每日参考摄入量建议与性别或工作状态之间均无显著关系。
这些运动训练师经历了负能量平衡，这与其他高需求职业的专业人员类似。无论性别或工作状态如何，运动训练师都有较高的饮食失调风险，并参与了不健康的致病行为。与这些发现相关的身体和心理问题表明需要针对运动训练师的健康行为进行干预。
