Voultsos P, Zymvragou C-E, Karakasi M-V, Pavlidis P
Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology (Medical Law and Ethics), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, GR 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, School of Medicine, Dragana, GR 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
BMC Public Health. 2021 Feb 18;21(1):378. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10422-7.
Advances in biomedical technologies permit transgender individuals not only to achieve gender transition but also to experience parenthood. Little is known about this topic in Greece, which, although a traditionally conservative country, is changing at the legal level towards a greater recognition of transgender people's rights. This study aimed to investigate transgender people's attitudes towards having a child to whom they are genetically related and pursuing fertility treatments in Greece.
This is a prospective qualitative study conducted with adult individuals who identified as transgender men or transgender women between April 2019 and March 2020. Individual in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 participants. The interviews were carried out in person and were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. We performed a thematic analysis of the data.
The thematic data analysis resulted in the identification of themes that represent key barriers to pursuing fertility preservation or the use of assisted reproductive technology. Six major themes were clearly present in the findings (lack of adequate information and counseling, worsening gender dysphoria, increased discrimination against transgender people due to the rise of extreme far-right populism, low parental self-efficacy, high costs, and a less-than-perfect legal framework). Moreover, diverse cases were examined, and minor themes, such as the symbolic value of the uterus and pregnancy, the relationship between the type of gender transition and willingness to pursue fertility treatments, and transgender people's adherence to heteronormative patterns in the context of reproduction, were identified. Various reasons for transgender people's differing degrees of desire for parenthood were identified.
Our findings demonstrated contextual factors as well as factors related to transgender people themselves as barriers to pursuing transgender parenthood. Most aspects of our findings are consistent with those of previous research. However, some aspects of our findings (regarding aggressive behaviors and economic instability) are specific to the context of Greece, which is characterized by the rise of extreme far-right populism due to the decade-long Greek economic crisis and a deeply conservative traditionalist background. In that regard, the participants highlighted the (perceived as) less-than-perfect Greek legislation on transgender people's rights as a barrier to transgender (biological) parenthood.
生物医学技术的进步使跨性别者不仅能够实现性别转变，还能体验为人父母的感觉。在希腊，尽管该国传统上较为保守，但在法律层面正朝着更广泛承认跨性别者权利的方向转变，而关于这一主题的了解却很少。本研究旨在调查希腊跨性别者对生育与自己有基因关系的孩子以及寻求生育治疗的态度。
这是一项前瞻性定性研究，研究对象为2019年4月至2020年3月期间认定为跨性别男性或跨性别女性的成年个体。对12名参与者进行了个人深度定性访谈。访谈通过面对面进行，并进行数字录音和逐字转录。我们对数据进行了主题分析。
主题数据分析得出了代表追求生育力保存或使用辅助生殖技术的关键障碍的主题。研究结果中明确呈现出六个主要主题（缺乏充分的信息和咨询、性别焦虑加剧、由于极端极右翼民粹主义抬头导致对跨性别者的歧视增加、父母自我效能感低、成本高以及法律框架不够完善）。此外，还研究了各种案例，并确定了一些次要主题，如子宫和怀孕的象征价值、性别转变类型与寻求生育治疗意愿之间的关系，以及跨性别者在生殖背景下对异性规范模式的坚持。确定了跨性别者对为人父母的渴望程度不同的各种原因。
我们的研究结果表明，背景因素以及与跨性别者自身相关的因素是追求跨性别者为人父母的障碍。我们研究结果的大多数方面与先前的研究一致。然而，我们研究结果的某些方面（关于攻击性行为和经济不稳定）是希腊背景所特有的，其特点是由于长达十年的希腊经济危机和深厚的保守传统主义背景，极端极右翼民粹主义兴起。在这方面，参与者强调了（被认为）关于跨性别者权利的希腊立法不够完善是跨性别者（生育）为人父母的障碍。
