Tornello Samantha L
Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
Front Psychol. 2020 Jan 23;11:15. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00015. eCollection 2020.
The division of unpaid labor is an important aspect in understanding co-parenting dynamics, along with individual well-being, couple functioning, and family dynamics. This study explores the division of household and childcare unpaid labor, well-being, relationship functioning, and child behavioral outcomes in 163 transgender and gender non-binary (TGNB) parents. Research exploring the division of labor among cisgender heterosexual couples has found that cisgender women in heterosexual couples disproportionately conduct more of the household and childcare labor (e.g., Lachance-Grzela and Bouchard, 2010). In addition, among heterosexual (e.g., Lachance-Grzela and Bouchard, 2010) and same-sex couples (Tornello et al., 2015b), discrepancies in the division of unpaid labor has been associated with individual well-being, along with couple functioning. We know very little about the factors that predict how labor is divided, along with the impact these arrangements among of families headed by TGNB parents. In this study, TGNB parents reported dividing their household and childcare labor in an egalitarian fashion and wanted to divide their labor in that way. The gender of participants, gender design of the couple, educational attainment, and legal status of the couple's relationship were not associated with the division of unpaid labor. In contrast, participants who reported making a lower proportion of the household income, worked less hours in paid employment, and were genetically related to their eldest child, reported completing significantly more childcare-related tasks, but not household labor. Using multiple regressions, participants' genetic relatedness to their eldest child was the only significant predictor of performing greater unpaid childcare labor. Lastly, discrepancies in the household, but not childcare labor, predicted parental well-being and couple functioning. The division of labor among TGNB couples was unrelated to their child behavior outcomes. This study not only sheds light on the dynamics of TGNB-headed families, but also additional factors that influence the division of unpaid labor and how this division affects individuals within the family system.
无偿劳动分工是理解共同养育动态的一个重要方面，与个人幸福感、夫妻关系功能和家庭动态一起。本研究探讨了163名跨性别和性别非二元（TGNB）父母的家务和育儿无偿劳动分工、幸福感、关系功能以及儿童行为结果。探索异性恋顺性别夫妻间劳动分工的研究发现，异性恋夫妻中的顺性别女性承担了 disproportionately 更多的家务和育儿劳动（例如，Lachance-Grzela和Bouchard，2010）。此外，在异性恋（例如，Lachance-Grzela和Bouchard，2010）和同性伴侣（Tornello等人，2015b）中，无偿劳动分工的差异与个人幸福感以及夫妻关系功能有关。我们对预测劳动如何分配的因素以及这些安排对TGNB父母家庭的影响知之甚少。在本研究中，TGNB父母报告说他们以平等主义的方式分配家务和育儿劳动，并且希望以这种方式分配劳动。参与者的性别、夫妻的性别构成、教育程度以及夫妻关系的法律状态与无偿劳动分工无关。相比之下，报告家庭收入比例较低、有偿工作时间较少且与最大孩子有血缘关系的参与者，报告完成的育儿相关任务明显更多，但家务劳动并非如此。使用多元回归分析，参与者与最大孩子的血缘关系是承担更多无偿育儿劳动的唯一显著预测因素。最后，家务劳动而非育儿劳动的差异预测了父母的幸福感和夫妻关系功能。TGNB夫妻间的劳动分工与他们孩子的行为结果无关。本研究不仅揭示了TGNB家庭的动态，还揭示了影响无偿劳动分工的其他因素以及这种分工如何影响家庭系统中的个体。
