Simos Yannis V, Spyrou Konstantinos, Patila Michaela, Karouta Niki, Stamatis Haralambos, Gournis Dimitrios, Dounousi Evangelia, Peschos Dimitrios
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology Research Group, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
Asian J Pharm Sci. 2021 Jan;16(1):62-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.05.001. Epub 2020 Jun 4.
There are several therapeutic approaches in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). When diet and exercise fail to control hyperglycemia, patients are forced to start therapy with antidiabetic agents. However, these drugs present several drawbacks that can affect the course of treatment. The major disadvantages of current oral modalities for the treatment of T2DM are mainly depicted in the low bioavailability and the immediate release of the drug, generating the need for an increase in frequency of dosing. In conjugation with the manifestation of adverse side effects, patient compliance to therapy is reduced. Over the past few years nanotechnology has found fertile ground in the development of novel delivery modalities that can potentially enhance anti-diabetic regimes efficacy. All efforts have been targeted towards two main vital steps: (a) to protect the drug by encapsulating it into a nano-carrier system and (b) efficiently release the drug in a gradual as well as controllable manner. However, only a limited number of studies published in the literature used techniques in order to support findings. Here we discuss the current disadvantages of modern T2DM marketed drugs, and the nanotechnology advances supported by in mouse/rat models of glucose homeostasis. The generation of drug nanocarriers may increase bioavailability, prolong release and therefore reduce dosing and thus, improve patient compliance. This novel approach might substantially improve quality of life for diabetics. Application of metal nanoformulations as indirect hypoglycemic agents is also discussed.
2型糖尿病（T2DM）有多种治疗方法。当饮食和运动无法控制高血糖时，患者就不得不开始使用抗糖尿病药物进行治疗。然而，这些药物存在一些可能影响治疗进程的缺点。当前用于治疗T2DM的口服药物的主要缺点主要体现在生物利用度低和药物立即释放上，这就需要增加给药频率。再加上不良反应的出现，患者对治疗的依从性降低。在过去几年中，纳米技术在开发新型给药方式方面找到了肥沃的土壤，这些新型给药方式有可能提高抗糖尿病治疗方案的疗效。所有努力都针对两个主要关键步骤：（a）通过将药物封装到纳米载体系统中来保护药物，以及（b）以渐进且可控的方式有效释放药物。然而，文献中发表的只有有限数量的研究使用了相关技术来支持研究结果。在这里，我们讨论现代市售T2DM药物当前的缺点，以及在小鼠/大鼠葡萄糖稳态模型中得到支持的纳米技术进展。药物纳米载体的产生可能会提高生物利用度、延长释放时间，从而减少给药次数，进而提高患者的依从性。这种新方法可能会大幅改善糖尿病患者的生活质量。还讨论了金属纳米制剂作为间接降血糖药物的应用。
