Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2021;431:169-202. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_7.
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli can be frequently isolated from poultry and poultry-derived products, and in combination these two species cause a large portion of human bacterial gastroenteritis cases. While birds are typically colonized by these Campylobacter species without clinical symptoms, in humans they cause (foodborne) infections at high frequencies, estimated to cost billions of dollars worldwide every year. The clinical outcome of Campylobacter infections comprises malaise, diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever. Symptoms may continue for up to two weeks and are generally self-limiting, though occasionally the disease can be more severe or result in post-infection sequelae. The virulence properties of these pathogens have been best-characterized for C. jejuni, and their actions are reviewed here. Various virulence-associated bacterial determinants include the flagellum, numerous flagellar secreted factors, protein adhesins, cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), lipooligosaccharide (LOS), serine protease HtrA and others. These factors are involved in several pathogenicity-linked properties that can be divided into bacterial chemotaxis, motility, attachment, invasion, survival, cellular transmigration and spread to deeper tissue. All of these steps require intimate interactions between bacteria and host cells (including immune cells), enabled by the collection of bacterial and host factors that have already been identified. The assortment of pathogenicity-associated factors now recognized for C. jejuni, their function and the proposed host cell factors that are involved in crucial steps leading to disease are discussed in detail.
空肠弯曲菌和大肠弯曲菌可频繁从禽类和禽产品中分离得到，这两种菌结合起来可引起很大一部分人类细菌性肠胃炎病例。尽管这些弯曲菌在鸟类体内定植时通常无临床症状，但在人类中它们会以高频率引起（食源性病原体）感染，据估计每年在全球造成数十亿美元的损失。弯曲菌感染的临床结果包括不适、腹泻、腹痛和发热。症状可持续长达两周，通常是自限性的，尽管偶尔该疾病可能更严重或导致感染后后遗症。这些病原体的毒力特性已在空肠弯曲菌中得到了很好的描述，本文对其进行了综述。多种与毒力相关的细菌决定因素包括鞭毛、许多鞭毛分泌因子、蛋白黏附素、细胞致死膨胀毒素（CDT）、脂寡糖（LOS）、丝氨酸蛋白酶 HtrA 等。这些因子参与了几种与致病性相关的特性，可分为细菌趋化性、运动性、黏附性、侵袭性、生存性、细胞迁移和向更深组织扩散。所有这些步骤都需要细菌和宿主细胞（包括免疫细胞）之间的密切相互作用，这得益于已经确定的细菌和宿主因子的集合。本文详细讨论了空肠弯曲菌中现已确定的与致病性相关的因子及其功能，以及在导致疾病的关键步骤中涉及的宿主细胞因子。
