German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Germany.
Front Immunol. 2021 Feb 9;11:611573. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611573. eCollection 2020.
Since the first day of life, a newborn has to deal with various pathogens from the environment. While passive immune protection is provided by diaplacental maternal antibodies, the development of cellular immunity is ongoing. A mature immune system should be able not only to defend against pathogens, but should also be able to differentiate between self- and non-self-antigens. Dysregulation in the development of cellular immunity can lead to severe disorders like immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. In this review, we explain the role of T cell immunity in antigen detection and summarize the characteristics of a mature TCR repertoire as well as the current state of knowledge about the development of the TCR repertoire in ontogenesis. In addition, methods of assessments are outlined, with a focus on the advantages and disadvantages of advanced methods such as next generation sequencing. Subsequently, we provide an overview of various disorders occuring in early childhood like immunodeficiencies, autoimmunity, allergic diseases and chronic infections and outline known changes in the TCR repertoire. Finally, we summarize the latest findings and discuss current research gaps as well as potential future developments.
从生命的第一天开始，新生儿就必须应对来自环境的各种病原体。虽然胎盘母体抗体提供了被动免疫保护，但细胞免疫的发育仍在继续。成熟的免疫系统不仅应该能够抵御病原体，还应该能够区分自身和非自身抗原。细胞免疫发育的失调可导致严重的疾病，如免疫缺陷、自身免疫和慢性炎症。在这篇综述中，我们解释了 T 细胞免疫在抗原检测中的作用，并总结了成熟 TCR 库的特征以及关于 TCR 库在个体发生中的发育的现有知识状态。此外，还概述了评估方法，重点介绍了下一代测序等先进方法的优缺点。随后，我们概述了在儿童早期发生的各种疾病，如免疫缺陷、自身免疫、过敏和慢性感染，并概述了 TCR 库的已知变化。最后，我们总结了最新的发现，并讨论了当前的研究差距以及潜在的未来发展。
