Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA.
Addict Behav. 2021 Jul;118:106866. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106866. Epub 2021 Feb 8.
There is evidence suggesting that ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) modulate stress responses and the rewarding effects of drugs, although no research has examined the impact of exposure to early life stress on these hormones in smokers nor during smoking cessation. This study examined the relationships between early life adversity (ELA) and circulating ghrelin and PYY during ad libitum smoking and early withdrawal in tobacco smokers (N = 98) who were interested in cessation. We also included a comparison group of nonsmokers (N = 36). We prospectively compared levels of hormones between smokers who were successful in quitting within a 2-week period, smokers who relapsed during that period, and nonsmokers. Results showed that ELA was positively associated with elevated ghrelin in nonsmokers. Among those reporting no ELA, successful quitters had higher ghrelin levels than nonsmokers during ad libitum smoking, while relapsers had higher ghrelin levels than nonsmokers during withdrawal. In addition, having no ELA was associated with a decline in ghrelin from the ad libitum to abstinence sessions in successful quitters; this withdrawal-related decline was not found in relapsers. Although effects of ELA, smoking group, and time on PYY were not significant, greater PYY was associated with reduced urges to smoke during withdrawal. These findings suggest the importance of considering changes in appetite-related hormones in individuals who are dependent on tobacco. This research provides additional indications for effects of ELA on appetite-stimulating hormones.
有证据表明，ghrelin 和肽 YY（PYY）可以调节应激反应和药物的奖赏效应，尽管没有研究探讨早期生活应激对吸烟者和戒烟期间这些激素的影响。本研究调查了早期生活逆境（ELA）与吸烟者在自由吸烟和戒烟早期时循环中的 ghrelin 和 PYY 之间的关系，这些吸烟者有戒烟的意愿（N=98）。我们还包括了一组不吸烟者的对照组（N=36）。我们前瞻性地比较了在 2 周内成功戒烟的吸烟者、在此期间复吸的吸烟者和不吸烟者之间的激素水平。结果表明，ELA 与不吸烟者中 ghrelin 的升高呈正相关。在没有 ELA 的报告中，成功戒烟者在自由吸烟时的 ghrelin 水平高于不吸烟者，而复吸者在戒烟时的 ghrelin 水平高于不吸烟者。此外，在成功戒烟者中，没有 ELA 与从自由吸烟期到戒烟期 ghrelin 的下降有关；而复吸者则没有这种戒烟相关的下降。虽然 ELA、吸烟组和时间对 PYY 的影响不显著，但更大的 PYY 与戒烟期间吸烟欲望的降低有关。这些发现表明，在依赖烟草的个体中，考虑与食欲相关的激素变化的重要性。这项研究为 ELA 对食欲刺激激素的影响提供了更多的证据。
