Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle - UR7290, Early Bacterial Virulence, Group Borrelia, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
Centre National de Référence Borrelia, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Strasbourg, France.
Front Immunol. 2021 Feb 12;12:625993. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625993. eCollection 2021.
Ticks and tick transmitted infectious agents are increasing global public health threats due to increasing abundance, expanding geographic ranges of vectors and pathogens, and emerging tick-borne infectious agents. Greater understanding of tick, host, and pathogen interactions will contribute to development of novel tick control and disease prevention strategies. Tick-borne pathogens adapt in multiple ways to very different tick and vertebrate host environments and defenses. Ticks effectively pharmacomodulate by its saliva host innate and adaptive immune defenses. In this review, we examine the idea that successful synergy between tick and tick-borne pathogen results in host immune tolerance that facilitates successful tick infection and feeding, creates a favorable site for pathogen introduction, modulates cutaneous and systemic immune defenses to establish infection, and contributes to successful long-term infection. Tick, host, and pathogen elements examined here include interaction of tick innate immunity and microbiome with tick-borne pathogens; tick modulation of host cutaneous defenses prior to pathogen transmission; how tick and pathogen target vertebrate host defenses that lead to different modes of interaction and host infection status (reservoir, incompetent, resistant, clinically ill); tick saliva bioactive molecules as important factors in determining those pathogens for which the tick is a competent vector; and, the need for translational studies to advance this field of study. Gaps in our understanding of these relationships are identified, that if successfully addressed, can advance the development of strategies to successfully disrupt both tick feeding and pathogen transmission.
由于蜱虫及其传播的传染性病原体的数量不断增加、传播媒介和病原体的地理分布范围不断扩大以及新出现的蜱传传染病原体，它们对全球公共卫生构成的威胁日益严重。深入了解蜱虫、宿主和病原体之间的相互作用，将有助于开发新型蜱虫控制和疾病预防策略。蜱传病原体通过多种方式适应非常不同的蜱虫和脊椎动物宿主环境和防御机制。蜱虫通过其唾液有效地对宿主先天和适应性免疫防御进行药理调节。在这篇综述中，我们研究了这样一种观点，即蜱虫和蜱传病原体之间的成功协同作用导致宿主免疫耐受，从而促进蜱虫的成功感染和取食，为病原体的引入创造有利条件，调节皮肤和全身免疫防御以建立感染，并有助于长期成功感染。在这里检查的蜱虫、宿主和病原体要素包括蜱虫先天免疫和微生物组与蜱传病原体的相互作用；蜱虫在病原体传播之前对宿主皮肤防御的调节；蜱虫和病原体如何针对脊椎动物宿主防御，从而导致不同的相互作用和宿主感染状态（储主、无能力、抵抗、临床疾病）；蜱虫唾液生物活性分子作为决定蜱虫是否为有效传播媒介的重要因素；以及需要进行转化研究来推动这一研究领域的发展。确定了我们对这些关系的理解存在差距，如果成功解决这些差距，可以推进开发成功打断蜱虫取食和病原体传播的策略。
