Wikel Stephen
Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT, USA.
Front Microbiol. 2013 Nov 19;4:337. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00337.
Ticks are unique among hematophagous arthropods by continuous attachment to host skin and blood feeding for days; complexity and diversity of biologically active molecules differentially expressed in saliva of tick species; their ability to modulate the host defenses of pain and itch, hemostasis, inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, and wound healing; and, the diverse array of infectious agents they transmit. All of these interactions occur at the cutaneous interface in a complex sequence of carefully choreographed host defense responses and tick countermeasures resulting in an environment that facilitates successful blood feeding and establishment of tick-borne infectious agents within the host. Here, we examine diverse patterns of tick attachment to host skin, blood feeding mechanisms, salivary gland transcriptomes, bioactive molecules in tick saliva, timing of pathogen transmission, and host responses to tick bite. Ticks engage and modulate cutaneous and systemic immune defenses involving keratinocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cell subpopulations (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg), B cells, neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, endothelial cells, cytokines, chemokines, complement, and extracellular matrix. A framework is proposed that integrates tick induced changes of skin immune effectors with their ability to respond to tick-borne pathogens. Implications of these changes are addressed. What are the consequences of tick modulation of host cutaneous defenses? Does diversity of salivary gland transcriptomes determine differential modulation of host inflammation and immune defenses and therefore, in part, the clades of pathogens effectively transmitted by different tick species? Do ticks create an immunologically modified cutaneous environment that enhances specific pathogen establishment? Can tick saliva molecules be used to develop vaccines that block pathogen transmission?
蜱在吸血节肢动物中独具特色，它们会持续附着在宿主皮肤上并吸血数天；不同蜱种唾液中差异表达的生物活性分子具有复杂性和多样性；它们有能力调节宿主的疼痛、瘙痒、止血、炎症、先天和适应性免疫以及伤口愈合等防御机制；而且，它们能传播各种各样的感染因子。所有这些相互作用都发生在皮肤界面，呈现出一系列复杂且精心编排的宿主防御反应和蜱的应对措施，从而形成一种有利于成功吸血以及在宿主体内建立蜱传感染因子的环境。在此，我们研究蜱附着于宿主皮肤的不同模式、吸血机制、唾液腺转录组、蜱唾液中的生物活性分子、病原体传播的时间以及宿主对蜱叮咬的反应。蜱会参与并调节涉及角质形成细胞、自然杀伤细胞、树突状细胞、T细胞亚群（Th1、Th2、Th17、Treg）、B细胞、中性粒细胞、肥大细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、内皮细胞、细胞因子、趋化因子、补体和细胞外基质的皮肤及全身免疫防御。我们提出了一个框架，将蜱诱导的皮肤免疫效应器变化与其对蜱传病原体的反应能力整合在一起。探讨了这些变化的影响。蜱对宿主皮肤防御的调节会带来哪些后果？唾液腺转录组的多样性是否决定了对宿主炎症和免疫防御的不同调节，进而在一定程度上决定了不同蜱种有效传播的病原体类别？蜱是否会创造一个免疫修饰的皮肤环境来增强特定病原体的定植？蜱唾液分子能否用于开发阻断病原体传播的疫苗？
