Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; email:
Current affiliation: Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
Annu Rev Immunol. 2021 Apr 26;39:557-581. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-061020-053734. Epub 2021 Mar 2.
There is a growing interest in understanding tissue organization, homeostasis, and inflammation. However, despite an abundance of data, the organizing principles of tissue biology remain poorly defined. Here, we present a perspective on tissue organization based on the relationships between cell types and the functions that they perform. We provide a formal definition of tissue homeostasis as a collection of circuits that regulate specific variables within the tissue environment, and we describe how the functional organization of tissues allows for the maintenance of both tissue and systemic homeostasis. This leads to a natural definition of inflammation as a response to deviations from homeostasis that cannot be reversed by homeostatic mechanisms alone. We describe how inflammatory signals act on the same cellular functions involved in normal tissue organization and homeostasis in order to coordinate emergency responses to perturbations and ultimately return the system to a homeostatic state. Finally, we consider the hierarchy of homeostatic and inflammatory circuits and the implications for the development of inflammatory diseases.
人们越来越关注理解组织学、稳态和炎症。然而，尽管有大量的数据，组织生物学的组织原则仍未得到明确界定。在这里，我们基于细胞类型之间的关系以及它们所执行的功能，提出了一种关于组织的观点。我们提供了一个正式的定义，即组织稳态是一个调节组织环境中特定变量的回路集合，我们描述了组织的功能组织如何允许维持组织和全身稳态。这就自然地将炎症定义为对稳态偏离的反应，仅靠稳态机制无法逆转。我们描述了炎症信号如何作用于正常组织组织和稳态中涉及的相同细胞功能，以协调对干扰的紧急响应，并最终使系统恢复到稳态。最后，我们考虑了稳态和炎症回路的层次结构及其对炎症性疾病发展的影响。
