College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China.
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, 705 Yatai Road, Jiaxing 314006, PR China; College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
J Proteomics. 2021 Apr 30;238:104171. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104171. Epub 2021 Feb 27.
The hard tissues of animals, such as skeletons and teeth, are constructed by a biologically controlled process called biomineralization. In invertebrate animals, biominerals are considered important for their evolutionary success. These biominerals are hieratical biocomposites with excellent mechanical properties, and their formation has intrigued researchers for decades. Although proteins account for ~5 wt% of biominerals, they are critical players in biomineralization. With the development of high-throughput analysis methods, such as proteomics, biomineral protein data are rapidly accumulating, thus necessitating a refined model for biomineralization. This review focuses on biomineral proteomics in invertebrate animals to highlight the diversity of biomineral proteins (generally 40-80 proteins), and the results indicate that biomineralization includes thermodynamic crystal growth as well as intense extracellular matrix activity and/or vesicle transport. Biominerals have multiple functions linked to biological immunity and antipathogen activity. A comparison of proteomes across species and biomineral types showed that von Willebrand factor type A and epidermal growth factor, which frequently couple with other extracellular domains, are the most common domains. Combined with species-specific repetitive low complexity domains, shell matrix proteins can be employed to predict biomineral types. Furthermore, this review discusses the applications of biomineral proteomics in diverse fields, such as tissue regeneration, developmental biology, archeology, environmental science, and material science.
动物的硬组织，如骨骼和牙齿，是由一种称为生物矿化的生物控制过程构建的。在无脊椎动物中，生物矿化被认为对其进化成功至关重要。这些生物矿化是具有优异机械性能的层次生物复合材料，其形成几十年来一直令研究人员着迷。尽管蛋白质占生物矿化物的~5wt%，但它们是生物矿化的关键参与者。随着高通量分析方法（如蛋白质组学）的发展，生物矿化蛋白数据正在迅速积累，因此需要一个更精细的生物矿化模型。本综述重点介绍无脊椎动物的生物矿化蛋白质组学，以突出生物矿化蛋白的多样性（通常为 40-80 种蛋白），结果表明生物矿化包括热力学晶体生长以及强烈的细胞外基质活性和/或囊泡运输。生物矿化具有与生物免疫和抗病原体活性相关的多种功能。对跨物种和生物矿化类型的蛋白质组进行比较表明，von Willebrand 因子 A 型和表皮生长因子经常与其他细胞外结构域结合，是最常见的结构域。与物种特异性重复的低复杂度结构域结合使用，壳基质蛋白可用于预测生物矿化类型。此外，本综述讨论了生物矿化蛋白质组学在组织再生、发育生物学、考古学、环境科学和材料科学等多个领域的应用。
