Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2021 Aug;49(8):1031-1041. doi: 10.1007/s10802-021-00798-w. Epub 2021 Mar 2.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with friendship difficulties. This may partly account for the increasingly recognised association between ADHD and subsequent depression. Little is known about the types of friendship difficulties that could contribute to the association between ADHD and depressive symptoms and whether other relationships, such as parent-child relationships, can mitigate against potential adverse effects of friendship difficulties. In a representative UK school sample (n = 1712), three main features of friendship (presence of friends, friendship quality and characteristics of the individual's classroom friendship group) were assessed in a longitudinal study with two assessment waves (W1, W2) during the first year of secondary school (children aged 11-12 years). These friendship features (W1) were investigated as potential mediators of the prospective association between teacher-rated ADHD symptoms (W1) and self-rated depressive symptoms (W2) seven months later. Parent-child relationship quality (W1) was tested as a moderator of any indirect effects of ADHD on depression via friendship. ADHD symptoms were inversely associated with friendship presence, friendship quality and positive characteristics of classroom friendship groups. Depressive symptoms were inversely associated with presence and quality of friendships. Friendship quality had indirect effects in the association between ADHD and subsequent depressive symptoms. There was some evidence of moderated mediation, whereby indirect effects via friendship quality attenuated slightly as children reported warmer parent-child relationships. This highlights the importance of considering the quality of friendships and parent-child relationships in children with ADHD symptoms. Fostering good quality relationships may help disrupt the link between ADHD symptomology and subsequent depression risk.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）与友谊困难有关。这可能部分解释了 ADHD 与随后抑郁之间日益被认识到的关联。人们对可能导致 ADHD 与抑郁症状之间关联的友谊困难类型知之甚少，也不知道其他关系（如亲子关系）是否可以减轻友谊困难的潜在不利影响。在一项具有代表性的英国学校样本（n=1712）中，在中学第一年（儿童年龄为 11-12 岁）进行了一项纵向研究，其中两次评估（W1、W2）评估了友谊的三个主要特征（存在朋友、友谊质量和个体课堂友谊群体的特征）。这些友谊特征（W1）被用作教师评定 ADHD 症状（W1）和七个月后自我评定抑郁症状（W2）之间前瞻性关联的潜在中介。亲子关系质量（W1）被测试为 ADHD 通过友谊对抑郁的任何间接影响的调节变量。ADHD 症状与友谊存在、友谊质量和课堂友谊群体的积极特征呈负相关。抑郁症状与友谊的存在和质量呈负相关。友谊质量对 ADHD 与随后抑郁症状之间的关联具有间接影响。有一些调节中介的证据，即当儿童报告亲子关系更温暖时，通过友谊质量的间接效应略有减弱。这强调了在 ADHD 症状儿童中考虑友谊和亲子关系质量的重要性。培养良好的关系质量可能有助于打破 ADHD 症状与随后的抑郁风险之间的联系。
