Shaik Fareeda Begum, Nagajothi G, Swarnalatha K, Kumar Chitta Suresh, Rajendra W, Maddu Narendra
Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishna Devaraya University, Ananthapuramu, 515003, A.P, India.
Department of Corporate Secretaryship, Queen Mary's College (Autonomous), Chennai, T.N, India.
Heliyon. 2021 Feb 12;7(2):e05487. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05487. eCollection 2021 Feb.
Tobacco products are widely consumed around the world in smoking and smokeless tobacco (SLT) forms. Analysis of smokeless tobacco consumption suggested that the effects of nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines, the main ingredients of smokeless tobacco are attractive to study because its consumption often results in biochemical changes of plasma parameters and markers of oxidative stress development. Smokeless tobacco users generally consume the most commonly available SLT products like khaleja brand of gutkha and mahak chaini brand of khaini 3-5 times per day. We found a significant increase in plasma glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol indicative of atherosclerosis risk. We also found that the plasma peroxynitrites (ONOO), nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and protein carbonyls (PCO) levels were significantly elevated. Plasma nicotine and cotinine levels were significantly elevated in study subjects, suggesting that nicotine could be responsible for the oxidative and nitrosative stress indirectly inducing cardiovascular risk. There was a strong correlation of nicotine with reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), cholesterol, and creatinine in exposed smokeless tobacco (gutkha) consumers. These data demonstrate SLT users are at high cardiovascular risk due to nicotine-induced free radicals and oxidative damage.
烟草制品以吸烟和无烟烟草（SLT）的形式在世界各地广泛消费。对无烟烟草消费的分析表明，无烟烟草的主要成分尼古丁和烟草特有的N-亚硝胺的影响很值得研究，因为其消费往往会导致血浆参数的生化变化以及氧化应激发展的标志物。无烟烟草使用者通常每天3至5次消费最常见的SLT产品，如khaleja品牌的古特卡和mahak chaini品牌的咀嚼烟。我们发现血浆葡萄糖水平、总胆固醇、甘油三酯显著升高，而高密度脂蛋白（HDL）胆固醇显著降低，这表明存在动脉粥样硬化风险。我们还发现血浆过氧亚硝酸盐（ONOO）、一氧化氮（NO）、脂质过氧化（LPO）和蛋白质羰基（PCO）水平显著升高。研究对象的血浆尼古丁和可替宁水平显著升高，这表明尼古丁可能间接导致氧化和亚硝化应激，从而引发心血管风险。在接触无烟烟草（古特卡）的消费者中，尼古丁与活性氧（ROS）、活性氮（RNS）、胆固醇和肌酐之间存在很强的相关性。这些数据表明，由于尼古丁诱导的自由基和氧化损伤，SLT使用者面临较高的心血管风险。
