Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of the Highlands and Islands, Institute of Health Research and Innovation, Inverness, Scotland.
Health Psychology Group, University of Aberdeen Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Aberdeen, Scotland.
Int J Behav Med. 2021 Dec;28(6):788-800. doi: 10.1007/s12529-021-09967-z. Epub 2021 Mar 3.
Investigations about mental health report prevalence rates with fewer studies investigating psychological and social factors influencing mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic.
(1) identify sociodemographic groups of the adult population at risk of anxiety and depression and (2) determine if the following social and psychological risk factors for poor mental health moderated these direct sociodemographic effects: loneliness, social support, threat perception, illness representations.
Cross-sectional nationally representative telephone survey in Scotland in June 2020. If available, validated instruments were used, for example, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) to measure anxiety and depression. Simple linear regressions followed by examination of moderation effect.
A total of 1006 participants; median age 53 years, 61.4% female, from all levels of area deprivation (i.e., 3.8% in the most deprived decile and 15.6% in the most affluent decile). Analyses show associations of anxiety and depression with sociodemographic (age, gender, deprivation), social (social support, loneliness) and psychological factors (perceived threat and illness representations). Mental health was poorer in younger adults, women and people living in the most deprived areas. Age effects were exacerbated by loneliness and illness representations, gender effects by loneliness and illness representations and deprivation effects by loneliness, social support, illness representations and perceived threat. In each case, the moderating variables amplified the detrimental effects of the sociodemographic factors.
These findings confirm the results of pre-Covid-19 pandemic studies about associations between sociodemographics and mental health. Loneliness, lack of social support and thoughts about Covid-19 exacerbated these effects and offer pointers for pre-emptive action.
有关心理健康的研究报告显示，在新冠疫情期间，研究心理和社会因素对心理健康影响的研究较少。
(1) 确定处于焦虑和抑郁风险中的成年人群体的社会人口统计学特征；(2) 确定以下社会和心理心理健康不良风险因素是否调节了这些直接社会人口统计学效应：孤独感、社会支持、威胁感知、疾病认知。
2020 年 6 月在苏格兰进行的全国性代表性电话横断面调查。如果有可用的经过验证的工具，例如用于测量焦虑和抑郁的患者健康问卷（PHQ-4），则会使用这些工具。然后进行简单线性回归，再检查调节效应。
共纳入 1006 名参与者；中位年龄为 53 岁，61.4%为女性，来自不同程度的地区贫困程度（即最贫困十分位数的 3.8%和最富裕十分位数的 15.6%）。分析显示，焦虑和抑郁与社会人口统计学因素（年龄、性别、贫困）、社会因素（社会支持、孤独感）和心理因素（感知威胁和疾病认知）有关。年轻成年人、女性和生活在最贫困地区的人群心理健康状况较差。孤独感和疾病认知加剧了年龄效应，孤独感和疾病认知加剧了性别效应，孤独感、社会支持、疾病认知和感知威胁加剧了贫困效应。在每种情况下，调节变量都放大了社会人口统计学因素的不利影响。
这些发现证实了新冠疫情前有关社会人口统计学因素与心理健康之间关联的研究结果。孤独感、缺乏社会支持和对新冠疫情的想法加剧了这些影响，并为预防性行动提供了线索。
