CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
DivAV - Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Lisbon, Portugal.
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2021 Nov;105(6):1075-1102. doi: 10.1111/jpn.13509. Epub 2021 Mar 4.
The effects of dietary macroalgae, or seaweeds, on growth performance and meat quality of livestock animal species are here reviewed. Macroalgae are classified into Phaeophyceae (brown algae), Rhodophyceae (red algae) and Chlorophyceae (green algae). The most common macroalga genera used as livestock feedstuffs are: Ascophyllum, Laminaria and Undaria for brown algae; Ulva, Codium and Cladophora for green algae; and Pyropia, Chondrus and Palmaria for red algae. Macroalgae are rich in many nutrients, including bioactive compounds, such as soluble polysaccharides, with some species being good sources of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. To date, the incorporation of macroalgae in livestock animal diets was shown to improve growth and meat quality, depending on the alga species, dietary level and animal growth stage. Generally, Ascophyllum nodosum can increase average daily gain (ADG) in ruminant and pig mostly due to its prebiotic activity in animal's gut. A. nodosum also enhances marbling score, colour uniformity and redness, and can decrease saturated fatty acids in ruminant meats. Laminaria sp., mainly Laminaria digitata, increases ADG and feed efficiency, and improves the antioxidant potential of pork. Ulva sp., and its mixture with Codium sp., was shown to improve poultry growth at up to 10% feed. Therefore, seaweeds are promising sustainable alternatives to corn and soybean as feed ingredients, thus attenuating the current competition among food-feed-biofuel industries. In addition, macroalgae can hinder eutrophication and participate in bioremediation. However, some challenges need to be overcome, such as the development of large-scale and cost-effective algae production methods and the improvement of algae digestibility by monogastric animals. The dietary inclusion of Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes) could allow for the degradation of recalcitrant macroalga cell walls, with an increase of nutrients bioavailability. Overall, the use of macroalgae as feedstuffs is a promising strategy for the development of a more sustainable livestock production.
本文综述了食用大型海藻（亦称海草）对畜种生长性能和肉质的影响。大型海藻分为褐藻（Phaeophyceae）、红藻（Rhodophyceae）和绿藻（Chlorophyceae）。作为家畜饲料最常用的大型海藻属有：褐藻中的马尾藻属（Ascophyllum）、海带属（Laminaria）和裙带菜属（Undaria）；绿藻中的石莼属（Ulva）、刚毛藻属（Codium）和管浒苔属（Cladophora）；红藻中的麒麟菜属（Pyropia）、角叉菜属（Chondrus）和鹅掌菜属（Palmaria）。大型海藻富含多种营养物质，包括生物活性化合物，如可溶性多糖，有些种类是 n-3 和 n-6 多不饱和脂肪酸的良好来源。迄今为止，在不同海藻种类、饲粮水平和动物生长阶段下，在动物饲粮中添加大型海藻可提高生长性能和肉质。一般来说，由于大型褐藻在动物肠道中的益生元活性，其可提高反刍动物和猪的平均日增重（ADG）。大型褐藻还可提高大理石花纹评分、颜色均匀度和红色度，并降低反刍动物肉中的饱和脂肪酸。海带属（Laminaria sp.），主要是海带（Laminaria digitata），可提高 ADG 和饲料效率，并改善猪肉的抗氧化能力。绿藻属（Ulva sp.）及其与刚毛藻属（Codium sp.）的混合物可提高家禽的生长速度，最高可达 10%的饲料。因此，海藻是有前途的玉米和大豆替代饲料原料，可减轻当前食品-饲料-生物燃料产业之间的竞争。此外，大型海藻可抑制富营养化并参与生物修复。然而，还需要克服一些挑战，例如开发大规模且具有成本效益的藻类生产方法，以及提高单胃动物对藻类的消化率。碳水化合物活性酶（CAZymes）的饲粮添加可使抗降解的大型海藻细胞壁降解，提高营养物质的生物可利用性。总的来说，将大型海藻作为饲料是发展更可持续的畜牧业生产的一种有前景的策略。
