SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Feb 22;22(4):2158. doi: 10.3390/ijms22042158.
Exosomes are 40-100 nm nanovesicles participating in intercellular communication and transferring various bioactive proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and lipids. During pregnancy, the placenta releases exosomes into the maternal circulation. Placental exosomes are detected in the maternal blood even in the first trimester of pregnancy and their numbers increase significantly by the end of pregnancy. Exosomes are necessary for the normal functioning of the placenta and fetal development. Effects of exosomes on target cells depend not only on their concentration but also on their intrinsic components. The biochemical composition of the placental exosomes may cause various complications of pregnancy. Some studies relate the changes in the composition of nanovesicles to placental dysfunction. Isolation of placental exosomes from the blood of pregnant women and the study of protein, lipid, and nucleic composition can lead to the development of methods for early diagnosis of pregnancy pathologies. This review describes the biogenesis of exosomes, methods of their isolation, analyzes their biochemical composition, and considers the prospects for using exosomes to diagnose pregnancy pathologies.
外泌体是参与细胞间通讯并传递各种生物活性蛋白、mRNA、miRNA 和脂质的 40-100nm 纳米囊泡。在妊娠期间，胎盘将外泌体释放到母体内循环中。即使在妊娠早期，母体血液中也能检测到胎盘来源的外泌体，并且它们的数量在妊娠末期显著增加。外泌体对于胎盘的正常功能和胎儿发育是必需的。外泌体对靶细胞的影响不仅取决于其浓度，还取决于其内在成分。胎盘外泌体的生化组成可能导致妊娠的各种并发症。一些研究将纳米囊泡的组成变化与胎盘功能障碍联系起来。从孕妇血液中分离胎盘外泌体并研究其蛋白质、脂质和核酸组成，可以开发出用于早期诊断妊娠病理的方法。本文综述了外泌体的生物发生、分离方法，分析了其生化组成，并探讨了利用外泌体诊断妊娠病理的前景。
