An analysis of fast imaging sequences with steady-state transverse magnetization refocusing.

Recently, several groups have proposed and demonstrated the use of rapid imaging methods, using short pulse repetition times and gradient-reversal echoes. Here, we analyze the behavior of the magnetization and the resulting image contrasts in such sequences for the case where the pulse repetition time TR is of the order of, or shorter than, the transverse relaxation time T2, and the transverse magnetization is not destroyed between phase-encoding cycles. Exact analytical expressions describing the signal evolution between the pulses are derived, taking into account the effects of resonance offsets and flip angles, and examining the influence of constant-phase or alternate-phase RF pulse trains. It is shown that for typical imaging sequences two distinct echo signals will develop between pulses, which may have a detrimental effect on image quality if they partially overlap within the sampling window. It is shown that artifact-free images can be obtained only if the two echo signals overlap precisely, which seems technically close to impossible to achieve, or if they are sufficiently separated in time to allow sampling of only one of the signals.