Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
School of Architecture, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
Cogn Process. 2021 Aug;22(3):369-410. doi: 10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x. Epub 2021 Mar 8.
Landmarks are accepted as one of the vital elements in both virtual and real environments during wayfinding tasks. This paper provides an overview of the existing literature on the selection of landmarks in wayfinding mostly in large-scale urban environments and outdoors by discussing two main aspects of landmarks: visibility and salience. Environments and layouts used in previous studies, different tasks given to people and the main findings are explained and compared. Summary tables are created from these findings. The review concludes that there is mostly a consensus on the selection of landmarks, when considering their location. Accordingly, landmarks on route and also at decision points (with a turn) are more effective during wayfinding tasks. However, visibility of landmarks as well as visual and cognitive saliency need to be further investigated using different environments, tasks or different levels of familiarity with environments.
地标被认为是寻路任务中虚拟和真实环境中的重要元素之一。本文通过讨论地标可视性和显著性这两个主要方面，概述了寻路过程中地标选择的现有文献，这些文献主要涉及大规模城市环境和户外环境。文中解释和比较了以往研究中使用的环境和布局、给予人们的不同任务以及主要发现。从这些发现中创建了总结表。综述的结论是，在考虑地标位置时，地标选择基本达成共识。因此，在寻路任务中，路线上的地标和（有转弯的）决策点处的地标更有效。然而，地标可视性以及视觉和认知显著性需要使用不同的环境、任务或不同熟悉程度的环境来进一步研究。
