Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
Environ Res. 2021 May;196:110931. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110931. Epub 2021 Mar 5.
Developing nations are advancing towards improving municipal wastewater treatment infrastructure. However, there have been limited efforts in these countries to understand Water-Energy-GHG nexus for sustainable wastewater treatment. This study evaluates operational energy, total embodied energy and corresponding GHG emissions of a widely implemented municipal wastewater treatment technology in Mumbai Metropolitan Region of India. Data for wastewater inflow, total energy consumption and materials used in the unit processes of the treatment plant were collected and analysed. Direct GHG emissions from the plant were estimated using the method proposed by the intergovernmental panel for climate change (IPCC). The energy embodied within the materials used in the construction and operations of the plant was estimated using country-specific information. The results show that the energy intensity for plant operation and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 0.23 ± 0.05 kWh/m of wastewater treated and 1.12 ± 0.77 kWh/kg of COD removed, respectively. The embodied energy in chemicals and building materials during the plant's life cycle contributed 19% of the total embodied energy. Wastewater inflow with specific average energy consumption in wet-well pumping and blowers showed a negative and positive correlation, respectively. The total GHG emissions (direct and indirect) from the plant were ~0.22 kgCOeq/m of wastewater treated. The study presents the energy accounting of a wastewater treatment system and extensive analysis of infrastructural data, which is scarcely accessible and available in developing countries.
发展中国家正在努力改善城市废水处理基础设施。然而，这些国家在理解废水处理的能源-水-温室气体关系以实现可持续处理方面所做的努力有限。本研究评估了印度孟买大都市区广泛应用的一种城市废水处理技术的运行能源、总隐含能源和相应的温室气体排放。收集和分析了废水流入、总能源消耗和处理厂各单元过程中使用的材料的数据。直接温室气体排放使用政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）提出的方法进行估算。使用特定国家的信息估算了工厂建设和运营中使用的材料所包含的能源。结果表明，工厂运行和化学需氧量（COD）去除的能源强度分别为 0.23±0.05kWh/m 处理的废水和 1.12±0.77kWh/kg COD 去除。在工厂的生命周期中，化学物质和建筑材料的隐含能源占总隐含能源的 19%。湿井泵送和鼓风机的特定平均能耗废水流入量呈负相关和正相关。工厂的总温室气体排放（直接和间接）约为 0.22kgCOeq/m 处理的废水。本研究提供了废水处理系统的能源核算和基础设施数据的广泛分析，而这些数据在发展中国家是难以获取和利用的。
