Iftekhar Amina, Sigal Michael
Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Int J Med Microbiol. 2021 Apr;311(3):151486. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151486. Epub 2021 Feb 25.
The intestinal epithelium is a monolayer of polarized columnar cells that act as a border between the host and its environment and are the first line of defence against the luminal microbes. In addition to providing a physical barrier, the epithelium possesses a multitude of active mechanisms to fight invading pathogens and regulate the composition and spatial distribution of commensals. The different epithelial cell types have unique functions in this context, and crosstalk with the immune system further modulates their intricate antimicrobial responses. The epithelium is organized into clonal crypt units with a high cellular turnover that is driven by stem cells located at the base. There is increasing evidence that this anatomical organization, the stem cell turnover, and the lineage determination processes are essential for barrier maintenance. These processes can be modulated by microbes directly or by the immune responses to enteric pathogens, resulting in a rapid and efficient adaptation of the epithelium to environmental perturbations, injuries, and infections. Here we discuss the complex host-microbial interactions that shape the mucosa and how the epithelium maintains and re-establishes homeostasis after infection.
肠上皮是一层极化的柱状细胞，作为宿主与其环境之间的边界，是抵御腔内微生物的第一道防线。除了提供物理屏障外，上皮还拥有多种主动机制来对抗入侵的病原体，并调节共生菌的组成和空间分布。在这种情况下，不同类型的上皮细胞具有独特的功能，并且与免疫系统的相互作用进一步调节其复杂的抗菌反应。上皮组织被组织成具有高细胞更新率的克隆隐窝单位，这是由位于底部的干细胞驱动的。越来越多的证据表明，这种解剖结构、干细胞更新和谱系决定过程对于屏障维持至关重要。这些过程可以直接由微生物或对肠道病原体的免疫反应进行调节，从而使上皮快速有效地适应环境扰动、损伤和感染。在这里，我们讨论塑造黏膜的复杂宿主-微生物相互作用，以及上皮在感染后如何维持和重新建立内环境稳态。
