Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.
Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021 May;172:148-182. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.001. Epub 2021 Mar 9.
The remarkable success of targeted immunotherapies is revolutionizing cancer treatment. However, tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, in addition to several tumor-associated immunosuppression mechanisms are among the major factors that have precluded the success of cancer vaccines as targeted cancer immunotherapies. The exciting outcomes obtained in patients upon the injection of tumor-specific antigens and adjuvants intratumorally, reinvigorated interest in the use of nanotechnology to foster the delivery of vaccines to address cancer unmet needs. Thus, bridging nano-based vaccine platform development and predicted clinical outcomes the selection of the proper preclinical model will be fundamental. Preclinical models have revealed promising outcomes for cancer vaccines. However, only few cases were associated with clinical responses. This review addresses the major challenges related to the translation of cancer nano-based vaccines to the clinic, discussing the requirements for ex vivo and in vivo models of cancer to ensure the translation of preclinical success to patients.
靶向免疫疗法的显著成功正在彻底改变癌症治疗。然而，肿瘤异质性和低免疫原性，以及几种与肿瘤相关的免疫抑制机制，是癌症疫苗作为靶向癌症免疫疗法未能成功的主要因素。肿瘤内注射肿瘤特异性抗原和佐剂后在患者中获得的令人兴奋的结果，重新激发了人们对纳米技术的应用的兴趣，以促进疫苗的传递，以满足癌症的未满足需求。因此，为了弥合基于纳米的疫苗平台开发和预测的临床结果之间的差距，选择合适的临床前模型将是至关重要的。临床前模型已经为癌症疫苗揭示了有前景的结果。然而，只有少数情况与临床反应相关。本文讨论了将基于纳米的癌症疫苗转化为临床应用的主要挑战，讨论了癌症体外和体内模型的要求，以确保将临床前的成功转化为患者的受益。
