Humphreys Kathryn L, Salo Virginia C
Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University.
Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2020 Dec;36:115-119. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.09.004. Epub 2020 Oct 27.
Humans develop in the context of environmental information that can be considered either experience-expectant or experience-dependent. Though the exact timing of sensitive period closures and consequences of environmental experiences have not been well delineated, early life is a period of increased vulnerability. While some forms of care (e.g., institutional care for children; representing the absence of experience-expectant caregiving) are not present in the evolutionary history of humans, it is likely that what is considered significant hardship today may have been more typical experience-dependent environmental information in the evolutionary timescale. Thus, assumptions that threatening or neglectful experiences are unexpected for the human child may not fit well in the scope of the broader timescale of human history. We argue that it is important to consider early caregiving experiences from the context of what has been expected in our evolutionary past rather than what is expected in modern sociocultural terms.
人类在可被视为经验期望型或经验依赖型的环境信息背景下发展。尽管敏感期结束的确切时间以及环境经历的后果尚未得到很好的界定，但生命早期是一个脆弱性增加的时期。虽然某些形式的照料（例如，儿童的机构照料；代表缺乏经验期望型照料）在人类进化史上并不存在，但在进化时间尺度上，如今被视为重大困境的情况可能原本是更典型的经验依赖型环境信息。因此，认为威胁性或忽视性经历对人类儿童来说是意外的假设，在更广泛的人类历史时间尺度范围内可能并不适用。我们认为，重要的是从我们进化过去所预期的背景来考虑早期照料经历，而不是从现代社会文化角度的预期来考虑。
