Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Trends Neurosci. 2020 Mar;43(3):133-143. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.01.002. Epub 2020 Feb 12.
It is now widely recognized that children exposed to adverse life events in the first years of life are at increased risk for a variety of neural, behavioral, and psychological sequelae. As we discuss in this paper, adverse events represent a violation of the expectable environment. If such violations occur during a critical period of brain development, the detrimental effects of early adversity are likely to be long lasting. Here we discuss the various ways adversity becomes neurobiologically embedded, and how the timing of such adversity plays an important role in determining outcomes. We conclude our paper by offering recommendations for how to elucidate the neural mechanisms responsible for the behavioral sequelae and how best to model the effects of early adversity.
现在人们普遍认识到，儿童在生命的最初几年中经历不良生活事件，会增加出现各种神经、行为和心理后遗症的风险。正如我们在本文中所讨论的，不良事件代表了对可预期环境的破坏。如果这种破坏发生在大脑发育的关键时期，早期逆境的不利影响可能会持续很长时间。在这里，我们讨论了逆境在神经生物学上被嵌入的各种方式，以及这种逆境的时间如何在决定结果方面起着重要作用。最后，我们提出了一些建议，以阐明导致行为后遗症的神经机制，以及如何最好地模拟早期逆境的影响。
