Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Acta Biomater. 2021 May;126:31-44. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.019. Epub 2021 Mar 17.
The immune system plays an essential role in tissue repair and regeneration. Regardless of innate or adaptive immune responses, immunosuppressive strategies such as macrophage polarization and regulatory T (Treg) cell induction can be used to modulate the immune system to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Biomaterials can improve the production of anti-inflammatory macrophages and Treg cells by providing physiochemical cues or delivering therapeutics such as cytokines, small molecules, microRNA, growth factors, or stem cells in the damaged tissues. Herein, we present an overview of immunosuppressive modulation by biomaterials in tissue regeneration and highlight the mechanisms of macrophage polarization and Treg cell induction. Overall, we foresee that future biomaterials for regenerative strategies will entail more interactions between biomaterials and the immune cells, and more mechanisms of immunosuppression related to T cell subsets remain to be discovered and applied to develop novel biomaterials for tissue repair and regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Immunosuppression plays a key role in tissue repair and regeneration, and biomaterials can interact with the immune system through their biological properties and by providing physiochemical cues. Here, we summarize the studies on biomaterials that have been used for immunosuppression to facilitate tissue regeneration. In the first part of this review, we demonstrate the crucial role of macrophage polarization and induction of T regulatory (Treg) cells in immunosuppression. In the second part, distinct approaches used by biomaterials to induce immunosuppression are introduced, which show excellent performance in terms of promoting tissue regeneration.
免疫系统在组织修复和再生中起着至关重要的作用。无论是先天免疫还是适应性免疫反应，免疫抑制策略，如巨噬细胞极化和调节性 T（Treg）细胞诱导，可以用来调节免疫系统，促进组织修复和再生。生物材料可以通过提供物理化学线索或在受损组织中递送细胞因子、小分子、microRNA、生长因子或干细胞等治疗药物，来提高抗炎性巨噬细胞和 Treg 细胞的产生。本文综述了生物材料在组织再生中对免疫抑制的调节作用，并强调了巨噬细胞极化和 Treg 细胞诱导的机制。总的来说，我们预计未来再生策略的生物材料将需要更多的生物材料与免疫细胞之间的相互作用，并且与 T 细胞亚群相关的更多免疫抑制机制有待发现并应用于开发用于组织修复和再生的新型生物材料。
免疫抑制在组织修复和再生中起着关键作用，生物材料可以通过其生物特性和提供物理化学线索与免疫系统相互作用。在这里，我们总结了用于免疫抑制以促进组织再生的生物材料研究。在本综述的第一部分，我们展示了巨噬细胞极化和诱导调节性 T（Treg）细胞在免疫抑制中的关键作用。在第二部分，介绍了生物材料诱导免疫抑制的不同方法，这些方法在促进组织再生方面表现出了优异的性能。
