Akhtar Mobeen, Zhao Yuanyuan, Gao Guanglei
Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Jul;28(28):38145-38158. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13217-w. Epub 2021 Mar 16.
Ecosystem services (ESs) are a diverse range of environmental properties that have significant effects on both landscape characteristics and human well-being, an understanding of the spatial variation of which is required for effective ecosystem management and conservation. In this study, we aimed to identify the geographical variation in ESs and examine the factors impacting ESs in Punjab Province, Pakistan. We evaluated ecosystem service intensity (ESI) by using the benefit transfer method and investigated the spatial heterogeneity of ESIs at the tehsil level by using an exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) model and semivariance analysis. This analysis indicated that spatial distribution of ESI shows significant and optimal spatial heterogeneity of ESs, revealing several hot and cold spots for ESI transformation in the study area. The ESI decreased from east to west and north to south, with a trough in the metropolitan zones, including Lahore, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad, and Multan, which was in accordance with the land use/cover pattern. Furthermore, using geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis, we also identified geographical clusters within which land use/cover pressure and population growth were significantly positively associated with ESI across the province, based on a lag distance scale. The findings of this study have functional economic implications with respect to highlighting areas worthy of conservation and designing ecological corridors to enhance the delivery of ESs for regional benefits.
生态系统服务（ESs）是一系列多样的环境属性，对景观特征和人类福祉均有重大影响，了解其空间变化对于有效的生态系统管理和保护至关重要。在本研究中，我们旨在确定巴基斯坦旁遮普省生态系统服务的地理变化，并考察影响生态系统服务的因素。我们采用效益转移法评估生态系统服务强度（ESI），并使用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）模型和半方差分析研究了乡级层面生态系统服务强度的空间异质性。该分析表明，生态系统服务强度的空间分布显示出显著且最优的生态系统服务空间异质性，揭示了研究区域内生态系统服务强度转变的几个热点和冷点。生态系统服务强度从东到西、从北到南递减，在包括拉合尔、谢赫普拉、费萨拉巴德和木尔坦在内的大都市区出现低谷，这与土地利用/覆盖模式一致。此外，通过地理加权回归（GWR）分析，我们还确定了地理集群，在全省基于滞后距离尺度的范围内，土地利用/覆盖压力和人口增长与生态系统服务强度显著正相关。本研究结果在突出值得保护的区域以及设计生态走廊以增强生态系统服务的区域效益方面具有实用的经济意义。
